Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS). METHODS: Ninety-three patients of both sexes seeking rhinoplasty were consecutively selected at the Plastic Surgery Outpatient Clinic of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, between May 2012 and March 2013. The BDD-YBOCS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese. Thirty patients participated in the cultural adaptation of the scale. The final version was tested for reliability in 20 patients, and for construct validity in 43 patients (correlation of the BDD-YBOCS with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination [BDDE]). RESULTS: Total Cronbach's alpha was 0.918. The BDD-YBOCS had excellent inter-rater (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.934; p < 0.001) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.999; p < 0.001). Significant differences in BDD-YBOCS scores were found between patients with and without BDD symptoms (p < 0.001), and among patients with different levels of BDD severity (p < 0.001). A strong correlation (r = 0.781; p < 0.001) was observed between the BDDE and the BDD-YBOCS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.851, suggesting a very good accuracy for discriminating between presence and absence of BDD symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BDD-YBOCS is a reliable instrument, showing face, content and construct validity.

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation

Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS). Methods: Ninety-three patients of both sexes seeking rhinoplasty were consecutively selected at the Plastic Surgery Outpatient Clinic of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, between May 2012 and March 2013. The BDD-YBOCS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese. Thirty patients participated in the cultural adaptation of the scale. The final version was tested for reliability in 20 patients, and for construct validity in 43 patients (correlation of the BDD-YBOCS with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination [BDDE]). Results: Total Cronbach’s alpha was 0.918. The BDD-YBOCS had excellent inter-rater (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.934; p < 0.001) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.999; p < 0.001). Significant differences in BDD-YBOCS scores were found between patients with and without BDD symptoms (p < 0.001), and among patients with different levels of BDD severity (p < 0.001). A strong correlation (r = 0.781; p < 0.001) was observed between the BDDE and the BDD-YBOCS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.851, suggesting a very good accuracy for discriminating between presence and absence of BDD symptoms. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BDD-YBOCS is a reliable instrument, showing face, content and construct validity.

Body checking and associated cognitions among Brazilian outpatients with eating disorders and nonpsychiatric controls.

This work aims to compare in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and control subjects: (a) body checking types, frequency, and parts; (b) prevalence of body avoidance and the most checked body parts; (c) body checking cognitions. Eighty-five outpatients with eating disorders (ED) and 40 controls filled out validated body checking and cognition questionnaires. ED patients, especially bulimia nervosa, check their bodies more than do the control subjects. The most checked area was the belly. The most frequent means of body checking was mirror checking, while the most avoided was weighing. The reasons that participants in the various study groups check their bodies seem to differ. Given the importance of body checking in the etiology and maintenance of EDs, it is important that clinicians consider this behavior, as well as the factors that lead to checking/avoidance in the different eating disorder subtypes, so that treatment may be more specific.

ESPECTRA: searching the bipolar spectrum in eating disorder patients.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a chronic, recurrent and highly prevalent illness. Despite the need for correct diagnosis to allow proper treatment, studies have shown that reaching a diagnosis can take up to ten years due to the lack of recognition of the broader presentations of BD. Frequent comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders are a major cause of misdiagnosis and warrant thorough evaluation. METHODS/DESIGN: ESPECTRA (Occurrence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders in Eating Disorder Patients) is a single-site cross-sectional study involving a comparison group, designed to evaluate the prevalence of bipolar spectrum in an eating disorder sample. Women aged 18-45 years will be evaluated using the SCID-P and Zurich criteria for diagnosis and the HAM-D, YOUNG, SCI-MOODS, HCL-32, BIS-11, BSQ, WHOQoL and EAS instruments for rating symptoms and measuring clinical correlates. DISCUSSION: The classificatory systems in psychiatry are based on categorical models that have been criticized for simplifying the diagnosis and leading to an increase in comorbidities. Some dimensional approaches have been proposed aimed at improving the validity and reliability of psychiatric disorder assessments, especially in conditions with high rates of comorbidity such as BD and Eating Disorder (ED). The Bipolar Spectrum (BS) remains under-recognized in clinical practice and its definition is not well established in current diagnostic guidelines. Broader evaluation of psychiatric disorders combining categorical and dimensional views could contribute to a more realistic understanding of comorbidities and help toward establishing a prognosis.

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cognitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive topiramate compared to placebo in reducing weight and binge eating in obese patients with binge-eating disorder (BED) receiving cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). METHOD: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 21 weeks' duration was conducted at 4 university centers. Participants were 73 obese (body mass index >or= 30 kg/m(2)) outpatients with BED (DSM-IV criteria), both genders, and aged from 18 to 60 years. After a 2- to 5-week run-in period, selected participants were treated with group CBT (19 sessions) and topiramate (target daily dose, 200 mg) or placebo (September 2003-April 2005). The main outcome measure was weight change, and secondary outcome measures were binge frequencies, binge remission, Binge Eating Scale (BES) scores, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. RESULTS: Repeated-measures random regression analysis revealed a greater rate of weight reduction associated with topiramate over the course of treatment (p < .001), with patients taking topiramate attaining a clinically significant weight loss (-6.8 kg) compared to patients taking placebo (-0.9 kg). Although rates of reduction of binge frequencies, BES scores, and BDI scores did not differ between groups during treatment, a greater number of patients of the topiramate plus CBT group (31/37) attained binge remission compared to patients taking placebo (22/36) during the trial (p = .03). No difference between groups was found in completion rates; 1 patient (topiramate group) withdrew for adverse effect. Paresthesia and taste perversion were more frequent with topiramate, and insomnia was more frequent with placebo (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Topiramate added to CBT improved the efficacy of the later, increasing binge remission and weight loss in the short run. Topiramate was well tolerated, as shown by few adverse events during treatment. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00307619.

Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Binge-eating disorder (BED) may be associated with unsatisfactory weight loss in obese patients submitted to bariatric procedures. This study aims to investigate whether the presence of binge eating before Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) influences weight outcomes. METHODS: In a prospective design, 216 obese patients (37 males, 178 females, BMI=45.9 +/- 6.0 kg/m2) were assessed for the lifetime prevalence of BED and classified at structured interview into 3 subgroups: no binge eating (NBE=43), sub-threshold binge eating (SBE=129), and binge-eating disorder (BED=44). All patients were encouraged to take part in a multidisciplinary program following surgery, and weight loss at follow-up was used as the outcome variable. RESULTS: At 1-year follow-up, NBE patients (n=41) showed percent excess BMI loss (%EBL) significantly higher than SBE patients (n=112) (P=0.027), although this effect was not significantly different between NBE and BED patients (n=44). At 2-year follow-up, NBE patients (n=33) showed %EBL higher than SBE (n=64) (P=-0.003) and BED patients (n=34) (P<0.001). Nevertheless, we found no significant weight loss differences between SBE (subclinical) and BED (full criteria) patients at any period of follow-up. Preliminary results at 3-year follow-up suggest that such an effect may be enduring. CONCLUSION: The presence of a history of binge eating prior to treatment is associated with poorer weight loss in obese patients submitted to RYGBP. Because BED is highly prevalent in obese patients seeking bariatric surgery, its early recognition and treatment may be of important clinical value.

Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso / Eating disorder and bariatric surgery: a case report

OBJETIVO: Os autores discutem, a partir de um relato de caso e de uma revisão da literatura, as implicações de uma operação bariátrica sobre o comportamento alimentar. MÉTODO: É apresentado o caso clínico de uma paciente submetida a uma operação bariátrica e que apresentou alterações comportamentais alimentares semelhantes às de uma anorexia nervosa, mas não apresentando peso abaixo do normal, o que levou a um diagnóstico de transtorno alimentar não especificado. Este caso é analisado em comparação com situações semelhantes na literatura. DISCUSSÃO: Os dados da literatura são discutidos de acordo com aqueles apresentados no caso relatado e procura-se, a partir daí, obter uma conduta prudente frente aos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e no seguimento pós-operatório, analisando os possíveis riscos envolvidos.

[Eating disorder and bariatric surgery: a case report]. / Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso.

OBJECTIVE: The authors discuss, based on a case report and on a literature review, the implications of a bariatric surgery for obesity on the eating behavior. METHOD: A case report is presented in which a patient was submitted to a bariatric surgery and show altered eating behavior like in anorexia nervosa, but without low weight, leading to the diagnostic of an otherwise unspecified eating disorder. This case is compared with the literature review. DISCUSSION: Literature information is discussed according to data from the present case and based on this, aiming to establish a prudent conduct with bariatric surgery candidates and their follow up, analyzing the possible risks involved.

Transtornos alimentares e os espectros do humor e obsessivo-compulsivo / Eating disorders and the mood and obsessive-compulsive spectrum

Revisamos os estudos clínicos e biológicos que sugerem que os transtornos alimentares (TA) säo expressöes fenotípicas de outros transtornos psiquiátricos e parte de espectros de psicopatologia, em especial dos espectros dos transtornos do humor e do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. A investigaçäo da relaçäo entre os TA e outros transtornos psiquiátricos através dos modelos espectrais pode proporcionar um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia destas síndromes e a elaboraçäo de tratamentos mais eficazes. Entretanto, o reconhecimento de que os TA possuem características peculiares e a adoçäo de uma postura crítica em relaçäo a modelos que eliminam limites diagnósticos säo também fundamentais para a evoluçäo do conhecimento no campo

Anorexia nervosa na adolescência / Adolescent onset anorexia nervosa

Objetivo: O artigo faz uma revisão do tema Anorexia Nervosa na Adolescência. É concenso na literatura que este transtorno apresenta alta morbidade e mortalidade, e sua incidência vem crescendo nas últimas décadas, o que torna o tema de grande importância para a investigação científfica. Método: Os autores realizaram uma revisão sistematizada da literatura e também utilizaram suas experiências clínica no trabalho com pacientes adolescentes que sofrem de anorexia nervosa. Resultados: Os fatores de risco mais conhecidos são idade e o sexo, sendo na adolescência o pico de incidência e a prevalência nove vezes maior no sexo feminino. Acreditou-se inicialmente que a anorexia manifestava-se apenas nas classes socioeconômicos mais altas, expostas às exigências do padrão de beleza ocidental. Estudos mais recentes identificam incidência semelhante a do mundo ocidental também em classes mais baixas, áreas rurais e comunidades orientais. O quadro clínico caracteriza-se por recusa em manter o peso intenso de ganhar peso ou tornar-se gordo/a, mesmo estando abaixo do peso para a altura e a idade, distorção da imagem corporal e amenorréira. As complicações mais comuns são semelhantes às de um quadro de desnutrição crônica, e a principal comorbidade é a depressão. Conclusões: O tratamento deve-se ser multidisciplinar, levando em conta a pluralidade dos fatores etiológicos. A abordagem familiar tem um papel importante, principalmente quanto a manifestação desse transtorno ocorrer na adolescência

Agorafobia e ansiedade de separaçäo: relato de um caso / Agoraphobia and separation anxiety: report of a case

Os autores relatam um caso de um paciente com síndrome do pânico e agorafobia, a partir da descriçäo e resposta ao tratamento. E enfatizada uma abordagem comportamental para o quadro, ocmo parte complementar do tratamento farmacológico adotado, em funçäo da resistência à terapêutica apresentada por um dos sintomas. E discutida a relaçäo entre ansiedade de separaçäo e agorafobia, do ponto de vista etiológico e de recentes conceitos acerca do desenvolvimento e aprendizado do medo

Estudo eletroencefalográfico em pacientes com trastorno de pânico

Alteraçöes eletroencefalográficas foram pesquisadas em 27 pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno do pânico e agorafobia com ataques de pânico, dad a semelhanca sisntomatológica entre ataques de pânico e certas formas de epilepsia, em especial as do lobo temporal. Näo foram encontradas alteraçöes nos registros eletroencefalográficos obtidos com a privaçäo de sono, fotoestimulaçäo e hiperventilaçäo

Agorafobia e ansiedade de separacao: relato de um caso

Os autores relatam em caso de um paciente com sindrome do panico e agorafobia, a partir da descricao de alguns aspectos de sintomatologia inicial, de evolucao e resposta ao tratamento. E enfatizada uma abordagem comportamental para o quadro, como parte complementar do tratamento farmacologico adotado, em funcao da resistencia a terapeutica apresentada por um dos sintomas. E discutida a relacao entre ansiedade de separacao e agorafobia, do ponto de vista etiologico e de recentes conceitos acerca do desenvolvimento e aprendizado do medo