Relationships between airborne fungal spore concentration of Cladosporium and the summer climate at two sites in Britain.

Cladosporium conidia have been shown to be important aeroallergens in many regions throughout the world, but annual spore concentrations vary considerably between years. Understanding these annual fluctuations may be of value in the clinical management of allergies. This study investigates the number of days in summer when spore concentration exceeds the allergenic threshold in relation to regional temperature and precipitation at two sites in England and Wales over 27 years. Results indicate that number of days in summer when the Cladosporium spores are above the allergenic concentration is positively correlated with regional temperature and negatively correlated with precipitation for both sites over the study period. Further analysis used a winter North Atlantic Oscillation index to explore the potential for long-range forecasting of the aeroallergen. For both spore measurement sites, a positive correlation exists between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index and the number of days in summer above the allergenic threshold for Cladosporium spore concentration.

Combined effects of aerobiological pollutants, chemical pollutants and meteorological conditions on asthma admissions and A & E attendances in Derbyshire UK, 1993-96.

BACKGROUND: The effect of outdoor aeroallergen exposure in asthma may be enhanced by air pollutants, including ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulates, and by certain weather conditions. It is not yet established whether these interactions are important in determining asthma morbidity at the population level. OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the joint effects of aeroallergens, rainfall, thunderstorms and outdoor air pollutants on daily asthma admissions and Accident and Emergency (A & E) attendance using routinely collected data between 1993 and 1996 from Derby in central England. METHODS: Daily counts during the aeroallergen season of grass and birch pollen, basidiospores, Didymella, Alternaria and Cladosporium, maximum 1 hour ozone and nitrogen dioxide and daily average black smoke measurements, all made in the vicinity of the city centre, were categorized in tertiles. Rainfall was classified as dry, light ( 2 mm). The modifying effect of outdoor pollutant levels, and rainfall or the occurrence of a thunderstorm, upon the effects of individual aeroallergens on asthma admissions and A & E attendance were investigated by fitting appropriate interactions in log linear autoregression models with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: We found a significant interaction between the effects of grass pollen and weather conditions upon A & E attendance, such that the increase with grass pollen count was most marked on days of light rainfall (adjusted rate ratio for >/= 50 vs < 10 grains/m3 at lag 2 days = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4, 3.3). Asthma admissions increased with Cladosporium count. We found no statistically significant interactions between effects of any individual aeroallergen and outdoor air pollutant upon either measure of asthma morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Rainfall and thunderstorms are important effect modifiers in the relation between grass pollen and measures of acute asthma morbidity. Interactions between ambient levels of aeroallergens and chemical pollutants in the Derby area do not play a major role in determining asthma admissions and A & E attendance.

The role of oak pollen in hay fever consultations in general practice and the factors influencing patients' decisions to consult.

BACKGROUND: Patients often consult for hay fever before significant counts of grass pollen are recorded, and this has prompted the question, 'Are symptoms already present or are patients consulting to obtain medication in anticipation?' AIM: The study is concerned with the relationship between hay fever symptoms and pollens, and also with the impact of the media on patient consulting behaviour. METHOD: Symptom questionnaires were presented to patients consulting with hay fever for the first time that year in 1994 in four Birmingham practices. The questionnaire concerned the nature and duration of symptoms and the influence of the media on their decision to consult. Incidence data collected over the spring and summer periods (1989-1995) in the Weekly Returns Service (WRS) were examined in relation to pollen counts reported by the Midlands Asthma and Allergy Research Association at Derby. Data are presented for oak, birch and grass pollen, but other pollen data including rape, nettle and other trees were also examined. RESULTS: Questionnaire data from 1994 were analysed in two periods starting from 4 April: early (day 1-60) and late (day 61-124). Out of the 364 subjects, 38% consulted in the early period and 62% in the late period. Altogether, 41% developed symptoms before the start of the grass pollen season. Overall, 91% of patients first consulting in the early period had already experienced symptoms compared with 99% late period and were not simply collecting prescriptions in anticipation. The influence of the media on consultation behaviour was very small, except in children, 23% of whom (or their parents) were reported to be influenced. The new episode data from the WRS examined over 7 years showed an early peak that was coterminous with oak pollen, and a later and higher peak with grass pollen. CONCLUSION: The consistency of the relationship between oak pollen and the early peak of hay fever over the years examined suggests that oak pollen is a major cause of hay fever symptoms.