Molecular diagnostic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection and pathophysiological consequences.

SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus within the Coronaviridae family, is the causative agent behind the respiratory ailment referred to as COVID-19. Operating on a global scale, COVID-19 has led to a substantial number of fatalities, exerting profound effects on both public health and the global economy. The most frequently reported symptoms encompass fever, cough, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headaches, and fatigue. Furthermore, a subset of individuals may manifest more severe symptoms, including those consistent with viral pneumonitis, which can be so profound as to result in fatalities. Consequently, this situation has spurred the rapid advancement of disease diagnostic technologies worldwide. Predominantly employed in diagnosing COVID-19, the real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR has been the foremost diagnostic method, effectively detecting SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. As the pandemic has evolved, antigen and serological tests have emerged as valuable diagnostic tools. Antigen tests pinpoint specific viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, offering swift results, while serological tests identify the presence of antibodies in blood samples. Additionally, there have been notable strides in sample collection methods, notably with the introduction of saliva-based tests, presenting a non-invasive substitute to nasopharyngeal swabs. Given the ongoing mutations in SARS-CoV-2, there has been a continuous need for genomic surveillance, encompassing full genome sequencing and the identification of new variants through Illumina technology and, more recently, nanopore metagenomic sequencing (SMTN). Consequently, while diagnostic testing methods for COVID-19 have experienced remarkable progress, no test is flawless, and there exist limitations with each technique, including sensitivity, specificity, sample collection, and the minimum viral load necessary for accurate detection. These aspects are comprehensively addressed within this current review.

Spontaneous bodily coordination varies across affective and intellectual child-adult interactions.

Research on child-adult interactions has identified that the morphology of bodily coordination seems to be sensitive to age and type of interaction. Mirror-like imitation emerges earlier in life and is more common during emotionally laden interactions, while anatomical imitation is acquired later and associated with cognitive tasks. However, it remains unclear whether these morphologies also vary with age and type of interaction during spontaneous coordination. Here we report a motion capture study comparing the spontaneous coordination patterns of thirty-five 3-year-old (20 girls; Mage = 3.15 years) and forty 6-year-old children (20 girls; Mage = 6.13 years) interacting with unacquainted adults during two storytelling sessions. The stories narrated the search of a character for her mother (Predominantly Affective Condition) or an object (Predominantly Intellectual Condition) inside a supermarket. Results show that children of both ages consistently coordinated their spontaneous movements towards adult storytellers, both in symmetric and asymmetric ways. However, symmetric coordination was more prominent in 3-year-old children and during predominantly emotional interactions, whereas asymmetric coordination prevailed in 6-year-old children and during predominantly intellectual interactions. These results add evidence from spontaneous interactions in favor of the hypothesis that symmetric coordination is associated with affective interactions and asymmetric coordination with intellectual ones.

Características clínicas y pronóstico de los pacientes con linfoma leucemia de células t del adulto / Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características clínicas y pronóstico de los pacientes con Leucemia/Linfoma de Células T del Adulto (ATL) en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) de Perú. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, que incluyó por Se revisaron 188 historias clínicas y estudio patológico de pacientes con infección por HTLV-1 diagnosticados en el INEN durante 10 años, de quienes 150 tuvieron ATL. Resultados: 62% de los pacientes tuvieron el subtipo ATL linfoma, 37% subtipo agudo y 1% crónico. La mediana de edad fue 53 años (20-89); 51% fueron mujeres. Dentro de las características clínicas: ECOG ≥ 2 (56%); estadio clínico III-IV (80%), síntomas B (58%); incremento de la deshidrogenasa láctica, LDH, (74%); leucocitosis (50%); hipercalcemia (46%) y anemia (36%). 122 pacientes (81,3%) recibieron tratamiento, 79% con quimioterapia (QT) y 4,6% radioterapia complementaria (RT); CHOP fue el esquema de QT más frecuente (89%). De los pacientes con QT tuvieron 18% RC, 32% RP, 7% EE y 13% PE. Conclusión: En este reporte en pacientes con ATL, la forma linfoma es el subtipo más frecuente, existe alta prevalencia de inmunofenotipo atípico y pobre respuesta al CHOP.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and progno-sis of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) of Peru. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out, which included 188 clinical histories and a pathological study of patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection diagnosed at the INEN for ten years, of whom 150 had ATL. Results: Sixty-two percent of the patients had the ATL lymphoma subtype, 37% had the acute sub-type, and 1% had the chronic subtype. The median age was 53 (20-89); 51% were women. Within the clinical characteristics: ECOG ≥ 2 (56%); clinical stage III-IV (80%), symptoms B (58%); increased lactic dehydrogenase, LDH, (74%); leukocytosis (50%); hypercalcemia (46%) and anemia (36%). A total of 122 patients (81.3%) received treatment, 79% with chemotherapy (CT) and 4.6% with complementary radiotherapy (RT); CHOP was the most frequent QT regimen (89%). Of the patients with QT, 18% had CR, 32% PR, 7% EE, and 13% PE. Conclusion: In this report, in patients with ATL, the lymphoma form was the most frequent subtype, and there was a high prevalence of atypical immunophenotype and poor response to CHOP.

Expresión del ligando de proteína de muerte programada 1 (PD-L1) en linfoma de Hodgkin en pacientes peruanos / Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in Hodgkin's lymphoma among Peruvian patients

RESUMEN Objetivo: Diversos estudios realizados sobre el linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) han determinado la expresión de la proteína de muerte programada (PD-L1) en las células de Reed-Sternberg-Hodgkin (HRS), con resultados variables. Esta proteína ha adquirido relevancia por su papel en la respuesta inmunitaria en las neoplasias malignas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la expresión inmunohistoquímica de PD-L1 en las HRS y su relación con la edad, sexo, estadio clínico y supervivencia global en una cohorte de pacientes peruanos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 25 biopsias de pacientes con diagnóstico de LH, lo que permitió determinar la expresión inmunohistoquímica de PD-L1 en las HRS en asociación con la sobrevida global (SG) y los datos clínicos de los pacientes. Resultados: Todos los casos mostraron expresión de PD-L1 en más del 1 %. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en la SG cuando se comparó dos grupos de acuerdo con la expresión de PD-L1 con punto de corte en 50 %, ni tampoco con el estadio clínico (EC), la edad y el sexo. Conclusiones: Se ha encontrado una alta expresión de PD-L1 en los tumores con LH previos al tratamiento. No se ha encontrado asociación entre la expresión de PD-L1, la SG, la edad, el sexo o el EC. Son necesarios otros estudios con mayor cantidad de pacientes para reevaluar el impacto pronóstico de la expresión de esta proteína en LH.

ABSTRACT Objective: Various studies on Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) have determined programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, with variable results. This protein has gained relevance for its role in the immune response in malignant neoplasms. This work aimed to determine PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression in HRS cells and its relationship with age, sex, clinical stage and overall survival (OS) in a cohort of Peruvian patients. Materials and methods: Twenty-five (25) biopsies from patients diagnosed with HL were assessed, which allowed determining PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression in HRS cells in relation to OS and clinical data of the patients. Results: All cases showed PD-L1 expression in more than 1 % of tumor cells. There was no statistically significant difference in OS when two groups were compared in terms of PD-L1 expression with a cut-off point of 50 %, clinical stage (CS), age and sex. Conclusions: High PD-L1 expression was found in pre-treatment HL tumors. No association was found between PD-L1 expression, OS, age, sex or CS. Further studies with a larger number of patients are necessary to reassess the prognostic impact of the expression of this protein in HL.

Linfoma de células grandes T anaplásico: experiencia de 10 años en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima - Perú / Anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma: 10-year experience at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, Lima ­ Peru

Introducción: El Linfoma de Células Grandes T Anaplásico es una patología infrecuente, determinada por la expresión del CD30, con diferentes características en su presentación y ser de carácter más agresivos de acuerdo a la expresión del ALK. Objetivos: El presente estudio busca determinar las características epidemiológicas, clinicopatológicas y pronóstico de los pacientes con Linfoma de Células Grandes T Anaplásico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados con Linfoma de Células Grandes T Anaplásico del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) entre los años 2006 al 2016. Resultados: Se analizaron y revisaron la patología de 86 pacientes, 57% fueron hombres y 33% mujeres, de la población total 21,9% fueron positivos para ALK. 48 de los pacientes se encontraron en EC I y II y 36 entre estadios III y IV. 57 pacientes presentaban riesgo bajo o intermedio bajo mientras que 26 entre riesgo intermedio alto y alto. La sobrevida global estimada fue 40,8% a los 5 años, en el grupo de pacientes con ALK + fue 67,4% y en el grupo con ALK- se estimó en 30,2%. Conclusiones: El Linfoma de Células Grandes T Anaplásico es una enfermedad agresiva, con distribución heterogénea respecto a la edad y ligeramente más frecuente en varones, con el ALK y el índice pronóstico internacional como factores pronósticos importantes.

Introduction: Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma is an infrequent pathology, determined by the expression of CD30, with different characteristics in its presentation and being more aggressive according to the expression of ALK. Objectives: The present study seeks to determine the epidemiological, clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics of patients with Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma of the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) between 2006 and 2016. Results: The pathology of 86 patients was analyzed and reviewed, 57% were men and 33% women, of the total population 21.9% were positive for ALK. 48 of the patients were found in CD I and II and 36 between stages III and IV. 57 patients had low or low-intermediate risk, while 26 had high-intermediate and high risk. The estimated overall survival was 40.8% at 5 years, in the group of patients with ALK + it was 67.4% and in the group with ALK- it was estimated at 30.2%. Conclusions: Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma is an aggressive disease, with a heterogeneous distribution with respect to age and slightly more frequent in males, with ALK and the international prognostic index as important prognostic factors.

Chemoreflex Control as the Cornerstone in Immersion Water Sports: Possible Role on Breath-Hold.

Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation. Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors are the carotid bodies, which are able to detect arterial gases and metabolic alterations before reaching the brain, which aids in adjusting the cardiorespiratory system. Moreover, the principal H+/CO2 sensor is the retrotrapezoid nucleus, which is located at the brainstem level; this mechanism contributes to detecting respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Although these sensors have been characterized in pathophysiological states, current evidence shows a possible role for these mechanisms as physiological sensors during voluntary apnea. Divers and swimmer athletes have been found to displayed longer apnea times than land sports athletes, as well as decreased peripheral O2 and central CO2 chemoreflex control. However, although chemosensitivity at rest could be decreased, we recently found marked sympathoexcitation during maximum voluntary apnea in young swimmers, which could activate the spleen (which is a reservoir organ for oxygenated blood). Therefore, it is possible that the chemoreflex, autonomic function, and storage/delivery oxygen organ(s) are linked to apnea in immersion water sports. In this review, we summarized the available evidence related to chemoreflex control in immersion water sports. Subsequently, we propose a possible physiological mechanistic model that could contribute to providing new avenues for understanding the respiratory physiology of water sports.

Estudio longitudinal de la ansiedad escolar en niños chilenos de educación primaria / Longitudinal Study Of School Anxiety In Chilean Children In Primary Education

Resumen Desde la teoría tridimensional, la ansiedad escolar se define como un conjunto de síntomas que se emiten desde tres sistemas de respuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las respuestas de ansiedad escolar en estudiantes chilenos de educación primaria para determinar los posibles cambios a nivel temporal. Para ello, se contó con 155 niños de tres cursos distintos, a quienes se les evaluó el nivel de ansiedad escolar durante tres años consecutivos. El instrumento utilizado fue el Inventario de Ansiedad escolar para la educación primaria (IAEB), que mide la respuesta de ansiedad de tipo cognitiva, psicofisiológica y motora. Se realizaron análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas para determinar la estabilidad temporal. Los resultados indican que la media no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas y se mantuvo la ansiedad escolar en estos niños en el periodo de tres años. Se apoyó la posibilidad de que se presente como un síntoma estable de los estudiantes, más que responder a eventos puntuales del entorno.

Abstract Since the three-dimensional theory, school anxiety is defined as a set of symptoms arising from three response systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate school anxiety responses in Chilean primary school students, during three consecutive years, to determine possible changes over time. To this end, 155 children from three different courses were included; they were evaluated for their level of school anxiety for three consecutive years. The instrument used for this was the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education (IAEB), which measures the cognitive, psychophysiological and motor anxiety responses. Analysis of variance of repeated measures was performed to determine temporal stability. The results indicated that the mean did not show statistically significant differences, maintaining school anxiety in these children over the three-year period, supporting the possibility that it appears as a stable symptom of the students, rather than responding to specific events in the environment.

Understanding human encounters goes beyond explaining musculoskeletal coordination: a review.

Complex systems theory has become one of the main frameworks to understand, model and explain interactional phenomena such as interpersonal coordination. In her paper, Butler (this issue) applies this approach to theorise about coordination at large, including human interactions. We argue that the all-encompassing language of complex systems theory leads to overemphasising the physical aspects that human interactions share with other coordinated systems in nature. This emphasis ultimately disregards the meaningful dimension implied in any human movement, understanding it as mechanical motion, rather than expressive actions.

Correction: Musical improvisation enhances interpersonal coordination in subsequent conversation: Motor and speech evidence.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250166.].

Interpersonal coordination in three-year-old children: Functions, morphology, and temporality.

The temporal dimension of interpersonal macro- and micro-coordinations between young children and social partners, as well as its functions, has been well documented. However, the different morphologies that bodily micro-coordination can adopt during these interactions have received considerably less attention. This research studied the temporality and morphology of spontaneous child-adult micro-coordinations and their associated functions. For this purpose, three-year-old children (N = 35) were randomly assigned to storytelling sessions based on emotional or referential stories. Using motion capture technology, we traced rapid and spontaneous coordinations between torso movements, ranging from 0 to 1000 milliseconds. Results show that both mirror-like and anatomical coordinations spontaneously emerge in interactions between 3-year-old children and unfamiliar adults. Importantly, slightly delayed in time, mirror-like coordinations predominantly occur in emotional interactions, while zero-lag, anatomical coordinations occur in referential interactions. These results suggest that these morphologies might indeed inform different functions of coordination, as previously theorized in the literature. The evidence found could contribute to a better understanding of how interpersonal coordination shapes social interaction very early in development.

Musical improvisation enhances interpersonal coordination in subsequent conversation: Motor and speech evidence.

This study explored the effects of musical improvisation between dyads of same-sex strangers on subsequent behavioural alignment. Participants-all non-musicians-conversed before and after either improvising music together (Musical Improvisation-MI-group) or doing a motoric non-rhythmic cooperative task (building a tower together using wooden blocks; the Hands-Busy-HB-group). Conversations were free, but initially guided by an adaptation of the Fast Friends Questionnaire for inducing talk among students who are strangers and meeting for the first time. Throughout, participants' motion was recorded with an optical motion-capture system (Mocap) and analysed in terms of speed cross-correlations. Their conversations were also recorded on separate channels using headset microphones and were analysed in terms of the periodicity displayed by rhythmic peaks in the turn transitions across question and answer pairs (Q+A pairs). Compared with their first conversations, the MI group in the second conversations showed: (a) a very rapid, partially simultaneous anatomical coordination between 0 and 0.4 s; (b) delayed mirror motoric coordination between 0.8 and 1.5 s; and (c) a higher proportion of Periodic Q+A pairs. In contrast, the HB group's motoric coordination changed slightly in timing but not in degree of coordination between the first and second conversations, and there was no significant change in the proportion of periodic Q+A pairs they produced. These results show a convergent effect of prior musical interaction on joint body movement and use of shared periodicity across speech turn-transitions in conversations, suggesting that interaction in music and speech may be mediated by common processes.

Infant-adult synchrony in spontaneous and nonspontaneous interactions.

Infant-adult synchrony has been reported through observational and experimental studies. Nevertheless, synchrony is addressed differently in both cases. While observational studies measure synchrony in spontaneous infant-adult interactions, experimental studies manipulate it, inducing nonspontaneous synchronous and asynchronous interactions. A still unsolved question is to what extent differ spontaneous synchrony from the nonspontaneous one, experimentally elicited. To address this question, we conducted a study to compare synchrony in both interactional contexts. Forty-three 14-month-old infants were randomly assigned to one of two independent groups: (1) the spontaneous interaction context, consisting of a storytime session; and (2) the nonspontaneous interaction context, where an assistant bounced the infant in synchrony with a stranger. We employed an optical motion capture system to accurately track the time and form of synchrony in both contexts. Our findings indicate that synchrony arising in spontaneous exchanges has different traits than synchrony produced in a nonspontaneous interplay. The evidence presented here offers new insights for rethinking the study of infant-adult synchrony and its consequences on child development.

El Efecto de un Programa de Pensamiento Crítico en el Sesgo de Representación en Estudiantes de Pedagogía / Effect of a critical thinking program on pedagogy students' representation bias

Se investiga el efecto del pensamiento crítico sobre los sesgos cognitivos en estudiantes de pedagogía. Participaron 95 estudiantes de dos universidades chilenas, utilizándose un instrumento con dos tareas de probabilidad. Se usó diseño cuasi experimental con pretest y postest, con un grupo control y dos experimentales, uno solo con intervención en pensamiento crítico y otro además con formación en sesgos, analizándose los datos con estadísticos de confiabilidad y de diferencia de medias. Los resultados señalan que solo existe diferencia significativa en una de las dos tareas de sesgo. Se observa una diferencia entre el grupo experimental con formación en sesgos y el grupo control. Se concluye que hay dificultades para modificar los sesgos cognitivos y es necesario trabajarlos explícitamente

The effect of a critical thinking in cognitive biases aimed for pedagogy students is studied. Ninety-five students from two Chilean universities participated. The method consisted of a test with two probability tasks. A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test was used, two experimental groups received training in critical thinking, one of them with explicit bias instruction, and it was contrasted with a control group. Data was analyzed through reliability and mean differences statistics. The results indicate differences between pre- and post-test in bias task 2; a significant difference between experimental group with bias training and control group was found. It is concluded that there is a difficulty to modify the cognitive biases and a need to work them explicitly

Neoplastic hematological diseases associated with HTLV-1 infection.

Adult cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) is a type of lymphoma consisting of T-cells that are related to infection with the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). Four clinical forms have been described (leukemic, lymphomatous, chronic, smoldering) and the phenotype corresponds to regulatory CD4+ T cells. The histological characteristics are variable, with neoplastic cells showing a size ranging from small to large and atypical nuclei with irregular contours. A series of genetic and molecular alterations have been described, which partially explain the lymphomagenesis of the neoplasm, some of which are also factors related to the clinical course and overall survival. ATLL is a neoplasm with a poor prognosis, but in recent years new targeted therapies have been designed, with encouraging responses. This neoplasm should continue to be studied to improve treatment and evolution.

Clasificación actual del carcinoma de pulmón. Consideraciones histológicas, inmunofenotípicas, moleculares y clínicas / Current classification of lung carcinoma. Histological, immunophenotypic, molecular and clinical considerations

En los últimos años, el rápido desarrollo tecnológico y el mayor conocimiento de aspectos genéticos y moleculares en medicina han permitido un mejor enfoque en el entendimiento, diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas enfermedades oncológicas. En relación con el carcinoma de pulmón, ha habido una significativa evolución desde sus primeras clasificaciones, puramente morfológicas, hasta la última del año 2015, en la que se integra información histológica, inmunofenotípica, genética molecular, clínica, y radiológica, lo que permite una mejor evaluación y manejo terapéutico de estos pacientes. En el presente artículo se hace un repaso desde las primeras clasificaciones del carcinoma de pulmón hasta la última, y se examinan los cambios más relevantes y la importancia de los hallazgos genéticos moleculares para un mejor enfoque clínico y terapéutico.

Current classification of lung carcinoma. Histological, immunophenotypic, molecular and clinical considerations ABSTRACT In recent years, the rapid technological development and the better knowledge of genetic and molecular aspects in medicine have allowed a better approach to understand, diagnose and treat various oncological diseases. Regarding lung carcinoma, there has been a remarkable evolution from the first classifications, which were purely morphological, to the last one issued in 2015. This last classification includes histological, immunophenotypic, molecular genetics, clinical and radiological information, which allows a better evaluation and therapeutic management of these patients. In the present article, the first classifications of lung carcinoma to the last one are reviewed, and the most relevant changes and the importance of the molecular genetics findings are examined for a better clinical and therapeutic approach.

Creencias de estudiantes de psicología sobre el uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación / Beliefs of psychology students about the use of information and communication technologies

Resumen Se presenta un estudio sobre creencias en estudiantes de psicología de seis universidades chilenas, sobre tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC); se consideran metas en las creencias, valoradas como medios o como fines. Se empleó un estudio cualitativo, en el cual participaron 76 estudiantes de psicología de instituciones públicas y privadas. A fin de configurar las creencias, se aplicó una matriz ideográfica que registró opiniones sobre la relación entre informática y psicología, con una justificación de esa razón. El análisis consistió en una primera etapa de construcción de categorías mediante codificación abierta; en la segunda etapa se realizó el levantamiento de la estructura de las metas, a través de análisis de menciones de vínculos entre categorías, que correspondería al modelo de creencias respecto a las TIC. Los resultados evidencian siete categorías, entre las que se destaca, como base para el uso de TIC, la denominada "Comodidad y rapidez", así como una meta de finalidad denominada "Apoyo en tareas psicológicas" que es, además, la que se valora de forma más abstracta. Se concluye que los estudiantes poseen una representación instrumental de las TIC solo como medio de apoyo a las actividades psicológicas, la cual se acepta y valora socialmente, de manera que esto obstaculiza su inclusión en la psicología como área de desarrollo e investigación.

Abstract A study about the beliefs of Psychology students from six Chilean universities in relation to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is presented; goals on beliefs, valued as media or aims are considered. A qualitative study was employed, where 76 Psychology students were part of, from public and private institutions. In order to set the beliefs, an ideographic matrix was used, which registered opinions about the relation between informatics and psychology, with a cause for that reason. The analysis consisted of a first stage of construction of categories, through open coding; on the second stage the raising of the structure of goals was carried out, through the analysis of the reference of links amongst categories, which would correspond to the model of beliefs regarding ICT. The results show seven categories, highlighting as the basis for the ICT use, the entitled Comfort and speed, as well as a purpose goal entitled Support on psychological tasks, which also is, the most abstractly valued. It is concluded that the students possess an instrumental representation of ICT, just as support media to the psychological activities, which is accepted and socially valued, obstructing its inclusion on psychology as a development and investigation field.

Measuring Dynamics of Infant-Adult Synchrony Through Mocap.

The temporal dynamics of parent-infant synchrony have been well documented. In recent years, the introduction of more accurate technologies for tracking movements has allowed the distinction of different morphological patterns of dyadic coordination. However, the potential of these technologies to explore infant-adult synchrony has not yet been explored. In the present study, we examined the temporal, spatial, and morphological synchrony patterns of infant-unknown adult pairs participating in a storytime session by a motion capture system (mocap). We find low but significant correlation levels of body synchrony between infants and unknown adults. This synchronized coactivity adopted two differentiated forms: mirror-like and anatomical. While the infants' movements mirrored those of the adults with a lag (0.9 s), the adults' reactions to the infants were anatomical with delay (0.4 s). This evidence could contribute novel insights to rethink synchrony and its measurement.

Dynamics of Simultaneous and Imitative Bodily Coordination in Trust and Distrust.

Body synchronization between interacting people involves coordinative movements in time, space and form. The introduction of newer technologies for automated video analysis and motion tracking has considerably improved the accurate measurement of coordination, particularly in temporal and spatial terms. However, the form of interpersonal coordination has been less explored. In the present study we address this gap by exploring the effect of trust on temporal and morphological patterns of interpersonal coordination. We adapted an optical motion-capture system to record spontaneous body movements in pairs of individuals engaged in natural conversations. We conducted two experiments in which we manipulated trust through a breach of expectancy (Study 1: 10 trustful and 10 distrustful participants) and friendship (Study 2: 20 dyads of friends and 20 dyads of strangers). In Study 1, results show the participants' strong, early mirror-like coordination in response to the confederates' breach of trust. In Study 2, imitative coordination tended to be more pronounced in pairs of friends than in pairs of non-friends. Overall, our results show not only that listeners move in reaction to speakers, but also that speakers react to listeners with a chain of dynamic coordination patterns affected by the immediate disposition of, and long-term relationship with, their interlocutors.

Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test.

OBJECTIVE: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. STUDY DESIGN: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). RESULTS: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r27 = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. CONCLUSIONS: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

[Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: case report and literature review.] / Cáncer Medular de Tiroides familiar: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumour of the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Up to 25% of MTC are associated to pathogenic germinal variants on the proto-oncogene RET (locus 10q11.2), which cause Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FMTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN2); genetic conditions inherited with autosomal dominant pattern. We present the first report of a Peruvian family with FMTC and a germinal pathogenic variant on RET proto-oncogene, identified with Sanger sequencing. This manuscript also shows a literature review of this hereditary cancer syndrome, where we highlight the relevance of primary prevention and the potential effect on public health in healthy carriers of germinal pathogenic variants.

El cáncer medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno de las células C parafoliculares secretoras de calcitonina. Se estima que el 25% de los casos de CMT se asocian a variantes patogénicas a nivel de línea germinal en el protooncogen RET (locus 10q11.2), que son las causantes del desarrollo de Carcinoma Medular de Tiroides Familiar (CMTF) o de la Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple tipo 2 (NEM2); condiciones genéticas con patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. Presentamos el primer reporte de una familia peruana con CMTF y con variante patogénica identificada a nivel de línea germinal en el gen RET, mediante secuenciamiento Sanger. Este manuscrito también muestra una revisión de la literatura de este síndrome hereditario oncológico, donde se resalta su importancia en la prevención primaria y potencial efecto en la salud pública en casos de portadores de variantes patogénicas germinales aparentemente sanos.