Cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: The relationship between self-perceived risk and actual risk.

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune diseases are known to be associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, there exists a lack of awareness regarding this increased risk among patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and events in various systemic autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS), matched by age, sex, and disease duration. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the perceived and actual risks of cardiovascular disease among patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional self-reported survey on the patient's perspective of cardiovascular risk was conducted between January and June 2023. Sociodemographic and clinical data, including disease activity, were collected through medical records and questionnaires. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and events were assessed, alongside the perceived cardiovascular risk. The SCORE calculation and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were employed for cardiovascular risk assessment. RESULTS: Survey responses from 180 patients (45 patients each with SSc, SLE, RA, and SS) with systemic autoimmune diseases revealed that 20% perceived a low risk, 23% perceived neither lower nor higher, and 56% perceived a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in the next ten years. Only 45% agreed that their autoimmune disease could increase the risk of a heart attack, even in the absence of other risk factors, and 46.7% were unaware that NSAIDs pose a cardiovascular risk. An association between cardiovascular risk measured by SCORE, comorbidities, and risk perception was observed in RA, SSc, and SS patients, with no association found in SLE patients (p=0.27). Except for SS patients (p=0.02), no association between CCI and disease activity level was found. Regarding the influence of age, working status, and education in CVD risk perception, an association between CVD risk perception and age was observed (p=0.01), with patients over 40 years exhibiting a higher perception of CVD risk. No differences were found regarding working status (p=0.19) nor education level (p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SS, RA, and SSc displayed a heightened perception of cardiovascular risk, correlating with their actual risk and preexisting comorbidities. However, patients exhibited unawareness of certain cardiovascular risk behaviors. This underscores the need for tailored education programs on cardiovascular risk for autoimmune disease patients, to be implemented at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up in outpatient clinics.

Are There Sex-Related Differences in the Effectiveness of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients?

Background: There is evidence suggesting the existence of sex differences in the effectiveness of specific drug classes for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our study stands as the first to elucidate sex-related differences in the effectiveness of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Methods: The study involved 150 RA patients treated with tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, or filgotinib between September 2017 and October 2023. Sex differences in achieving remission and low disease activity (LDA) were identified through logistic regression analyses. Sex disparities in treatment effectiveness survival were evaluated through the Kaplan-Meier estimate, employing the log-rank test for comparison. The Cox model was applied to analyze the variable sex as a potential factor that could influence the maintenance of the JAK inhibitor treatment effectiveness. Results: Concerning the achievement of remission and LDA, no differences were observed between sexes in terms of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) C-reactive protein (CRP), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). With respect to the DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), female patients, compared to males, possessed 70% lower odds of achieving remission (p = 0.018) and 66% lower odds of achieving LDA (p = 0.023). No differences were observed in treatment effectiveness survival between sexes (p = 0.703). Sex was not found to influence the survival of JAK inhibitor treatment effectiveness (p = 0.704). Conclusions: Being a female or male patient does not entail differences in the effectiveness of the JAK inhibitor treatment. Our findings encourage the consideration of a global pool of composite indices (DAS28-ESR/CRP, CDAI, SDAI) to measure RA disease activity, thus individualizing the target value as advocated by the treat-to-target strategy.

Satisfaction and effectiveness of switching from intravenous to subcutaneous belimumab treatment in daily clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, belimumab (BEL) was approved in subcutaneous (SQ) administration. The effectiveness after switching from intravenous (IV) to SQ and patient satisfaction in daily clinical practice has not been studied. During the pandemic, patient follow-up and treatment were significantly affected, and some patients need a change from IV to SQ. Our aim was to evaluate daily clinical practice satisfaction to SQ BEL therapy in patients previously treated IV BEL. We hypothesized that SQ BEL in SLE patients previously treated with IV BEL was similar in effectiveness and conferred higher satisfaction. METHODS: Observational, multicenter study, conducted in 7 reference centers in Catalonia. We included stable SLE patients (EULAR/ACR 2019) on treatment with SQ BEL and previous use of IV BEL (at least 3 months on IV BEL before switching). Since there are no well-validated tools for SQ BEL treatment satisfaction, we used RASQ-SQ, validated in patients with lymphoma who switched from IV Rituximab to SQ treatment, and modified for BEL treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were included. The more prevalent clinical manifestations observed were related to the skin and joints and the patients had a mean baseline SLEDAI of 2.96 (SD 2.4) and SLICC score of 0.67 (SD 0.88). The median time from treatment with IV BEL before switching to SQ was 21 months (range). 84% of patients reported confidence in SQ BEL. 85.2% felt that treatment with SQ BEL was convenient or very convenient. 85% felt they had gained time with the change. 89% would recommend the SQ injection to other patients. Disease activity (mean SLEDAI) and remission rates remain stable after switching. No major new adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Overall satisfaction, satisfaction with via of administration, and satisfaction with the time taken to receive BEL were higher for SQ BEL treatment. A switching SQ strategy is a reasonable alternative for BEL patients.

Prognostic significance of lymphocytic foci composition in minor salivary gland biopsies for severe disease flare and severity in Sjögren's syndrome: a 3-year follow-up cohort study.

Introduction: This was an ambispective cohort study evaluating the prognostic significance of lymphocytic foci and its lymphoid composition in minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) for short-term disease flare and severity in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Methods: The inclusion criteria comprised individuals meeting the ACR/EULAR 2016 criteria who underwent MSGB with an infiltration of more than 50 lymphocytes and received clinical diagnosis between September 2017 and December 2018. Patients with inadequate biopsy samples were excluded. The number of lymphocytic foci and their lymphoid composition in MSGB were assessed using immunofluorescence staining. Major organ damage and improvements in the EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) were measured. Statistical analyses, including Cox and linear regressions, were conducted. Results: A total of 78 patients with at least one lymphocytic focus were included in the study. The presence of higher T-cell counts in lymphocytic foci in MSGB was associated with severe disease flare, and a logarithmic transformation of T-cell count indicated increased risk (HR 1.96, 95% CI 0.91-4.21). Improvements in the ESSDAI were associated with higher total lymphocyte count and T- and B-cell numbers in the lymphoid composition of the lymphocytic foci. Seropositive patients exhibited higher T CD4+ cell numbers. Correlation analysis showed negative associations between age and lymphocytic foci and the T-cell count. Positive correlations were observed between antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers and total lymphocyte numbers. Discussion: Patients with a higher number of T cells in the lymphocytic infiltrates of lymphocytic foci may have a two-fold risk of severe disease flare. The number of B cells and T CD4+ cells in the lymphocytic infiltrates of lymphocytic foci showed a weak but positive relation with the ESSDAI improvement during follow-up. Age and seropositivity appeared to influence the lymphoid composition of the lymphocytic foci.

Tofacitinib and Baricitinib in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background and Objectives: Recently, a randomized controlled trial suggested a potential benefit of baricitinib in patients with diabetes mellitus, preserving ß-cell function. However, the clinical evidence currently available is limited. We aimed to assess the potential impact of tofacitinib and baricitinib on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Materials and Methods: The candidates for this observational, retrospective, single-center study were selected from a cohort of 120 rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tofacitinib or baricitinib between September 2017 and September 2023. The eligibility criteria included patients with T2DM who were receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary outcome was the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value after 6 months of a JAK inhibitor treatment. Secondary outcomes included body mass index (BMI) and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Differences were evaluated using Fisher's exact test, as well as the Mann-Whitney test or the Wilcoxon test. Results: Thirteen patients were included; 46.2% (6/13) underwent treatment with tofacitinib, while 53.8% (7/13) were treated with baricitinib. At 6 months, baricitinib treatment resulted in a reduction in HbA1c (p = 0.035), with 57.1% (4/7) of patients achieving values <7%, and 28.6% (2/7) of patients requiring a reduction in OAD dosage. Concerning BMI, an increase (p = 0.022) was observed at 6 months following baricitinib administration. All the patients treated with either tofacitinib or baricitinib achieved remission or low disease activity, without requiring statistically significant changes in concomitant rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Conclusions: In T2DM patients with rheumatoid arthritis, baricitinib can improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, enabling the optimization of T2DM management.

Patient-related factors influencing the effectiveness and safety of Janus Kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a real-world study.

In real-world scenarios, Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors are often offered to "difficult-to-treat" rheumatoid arthritis patients, quite different from those included in randomized controlled trials. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of patient-related factors on the effectiveness and safety of JAK inhibitors in real-world clinical practice. This observational retrospective study involved rheumatoid arthritis patients who received treatment with either tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, or filgotinib. At 12 months of treatment, reasons for and rates of JAK inhibitor treatment discontinuation were examined. Treatment retentions were analyzed through Cox proportional hazard regression models and Kaplan-Meier estimates. Patient-related factors that could influence treatment retention were evaluated for the discontinuation reasons of lack of effectiveness and adverse events. At 12 months of treatment, discontinuation rates for 189 JAK inhibitor treatments were: lack of effectiveness (24.3%), adverse events (20.6%), and other reasons (3.7%). The remaining 51.4% represents the treatment continuation rate. No patient-related factors evaluated had an influence on treatment discontinuation due to lack of effectiveness. Ae significantly increased the risk of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (p = 0.030). In terms of age, at 12 month of treatment, discontinuation rates due to adverse events were: < 65 years, 14.4% vs. 65 years or older, 26.3% (p = 0.019). Rheumatoid arthritis patients aged 65 years or older showed an increased risk of JAK inhibitor treatment discontinuation due to adverse events. Factors not related to treatment discontinuation were: sex, rheumatoid arthritis disease duration, rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, seropositivity for rheumatoid factor, seropositivity for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides, number of prior biologic treatments, number of prior JAK inhibitor treatments, concomitant use of glucocorticoids, and concomitant use of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

Utility of applying a diagnostic algorithm in giant cell arteritis based on the level of clinical suspicion. / Utilidad de la aplicación de un algoritmo diagnóstico en la arteritis de células gigantes en función del grado de sospecha clínica.

INTRODUCTION: To reach the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA), signs, symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging findings, and occasionally anatomopathological results from temporal artery biopsy are evaluated. This study describes the results of an algorithm analysis based on clinical and ultrasound evaluation of patients with suspected GCA, highlighting its diagnostic utility by contrasting its use in different clinical suspicion scenarios. METHOD: Prospective multicenter study evaluating patients referred with suspected GCA through a preferential circuit (fast track), grouping them according to low or high clinical suspicion of GCA. Each of these scenarios is evaluated by biopsy and ultrasound for all patients, resulting in positive, indeterminate, or negative outcomes, yielding six possible groups. Potential areas of improvement are explored, emphasizing that, following a negative or indeterminate ultrasound, 18-FDG-PET-CT could be recommended. We analyze the results and application of a diagnostic algorithm, confirming its efficiency and applicability based on whether there is high or low clinical suspicion. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (41 in the high suspicion group and 28 in the low suspicion group). There were 41 new diagnoses of GCA: 35 in the high suspicion group and 6 in the low suspicion group. Using ultrasound alone, the initial algorithm has an overall diagnostic efficiency of 72.5%, which improves to 80.5% when including 18F-FDG-PET/CT. The negative predictive value of ultrasound in patients with low clinical suspicion is 84.6%, and the positive predictive value of ultrasound in patients with high suspicion is 100%, improving sensitivity from 57.1% to 80.8% with 18F-FDG-PET/CT in this scenario. Temporal artery biopsy was performed on all patients, with no differences in sensitivity or specificity compared to ultrasound. In cases where all three tests - ultrasound, biopsy, and 18F-FDG-PET/CT - are performed, sensitivity increases to 92.3% in patients with high clinical suspicion. CONCLUSION: In situations of high clinical suspicion, the algorithm provides sufficient information for the diagnosis of GCA if ultrasound is positive. A negative ultrasound is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis in the context of low clinical suspicion. 18-FDG-PET-CT may be useful in patients with high suspicion and negative or indeterminate ultrasound results.

Recomendaciones SER sobre la gestión de riesgo del tratamiento con FAME biológicos o sintéticos dirigidos en pacientes con artritis reumatoide / Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objetivo: Elaborar recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia disponible y el consenso de expertos, para la gestión del riesgo del tratamiento biológico y los inhibidores de las JAK en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Métodos: Se identificaron preguntas clínicas de investigación relevantes para el objetivo del documento. Estas preguntas fueron reformuladas en formato PICO (paciente, intervención, comparación, outcome o desenlace) por un panel de expertos, seleccionados en base a su experiencia en el área. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la evidencia, graduándose de acuerdo a los criterios GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). A continuación, se formularon las recomendaciones específicas. Resultados: Se propusieron por el panel de expertos 6preguntas PICO en base a su relevancia clínica y a la existencia de información reciente referentes al riesgo de aparición de infecciones graves, el riesgo de reactivación del virus de la hepatitisB, el riesgo de reactivación del virus varicela-zoster, el riesgo de aparición de cáncer de piel (melanoma y no melanoma) o hematológico, el riesgo de aparición de enfermedad tromboembólica y el riesgo de progresión del virus del papiloma humano. Se formularon un total de 29 recomendaciones, estructuradas por pregunta, basadas en la evidencia encontrada y el consenso de los expertos. Conclusiones: Se presentan las recomendaciones SER sobre la gestión del riesgo del tratamiento con terapias biológicas e inhibidores de las JAK en la artritis reumatoide.(AU)

Objective: To present recommendations based on the available evidence and the consensus of experts, for risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Clinical research questions relevant to the purpose of the document were identified. These questions were reformulated in PICO format (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) by a panel of experts, selected based on their experience in the area. A systematic review of the evidence was carried out, grading according to the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Specific recommendations were then formulated. Results: Six PICO questions were proposed by the panel of experts based on their clinical relevance and the existence of recent information regarding the risk of occurrence of serious infections, the risk of reactivation of the hepatitisB virus, the risk of reactivation of the virus varicella-zoster, the risk of appearance of skin (melanoma and non-melanoma) or hematological cancer, the risk of appearance of thromboembolic disease and the risk of progression of the human papilloma virus. A total of 29 recommendations were formulated, structured by question, based on the evidence found and the consensus of the experts. Conclusions: The SER recommendations on risk management of treatment with biologic therapies and JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis are presented.(AU)

Impact of IL6R genetic variants on treatment efficacy and toxicity response to sarilumab in rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Sarilumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, is a first-line biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug for rheumatoid arthritis. The identification of genetic biomarkers as predictors of response to sarilumab could allow for a personalized treatment strategy to improve clinical outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 62 patients treated with sarilumab to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the IL6R gene could predict efficacy and toxicity responses. Six SNPs previously described in the IL6R gene (rs12083537, rs11265618, rs4329505, rs2228145, rs4537545, and rs4845625) were genotyped in DNA samples obtained from these patients. Using parametric tests, we evaluated the association between these polymorphisms and clinicopathological features. Treatment response was assessed six months after treatment initiation. Satisfactory response was based on EULAR criteria. Low disease activity was determined according to DAS28 and CDAI and quantitative improvements in DAS28 and CDAI scores. RESULTS: Three SNPs (rs4845625, rs4329505 and rs11265618) were significantly associated with response outcomes. All of the SNPs, except for rs12083537, had at least one significant association with dyslipidemia or hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the potential clinical value of SNPs, particularly rs4845625, as potentially useful biomarkers to predict response to sarilumab in patients with RA.

Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To present recommendations based on the available evidence and the consensus of experts, for risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Clinical research questions relevant to the purpose of the document were identified. These questions were reformulated in PICO format (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome or outcome) by a panel of experts, selected based on their experience in the area. A systematic review of the evidence was carried out, grading according to the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Specific recommendations were then formulated. RESULTS: 6 PICO questions were proposed by the panel of experts based on their clinical relevance and the existence of recent information regarding the risk of occurrence of serious infections, the risk of reactivation of the hepatitis B virus, the risk of reactivation of the virus varicella-zoster, the risk of appearance of skin (melanoma and non-melanoma) or haematological cancer, the risk of appearance of thromboembolic disease and the risk of progression of the human papilloma virus. A total of 28 recommendations were formulated, structured by question, based on the evidence found and the consensus of the experts. CONCLUSIONS: The SER recommendations on risk management of treatment with biologic therapies and JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis are presented.

Are all JAK inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis equivalent? An adjusted indirect comparison of the efficacy of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib.

INTRODUCTION: Comparisons of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are lacking. We assessed the relative efficacy and safety of four JAKi (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib) in this context. METHOD: We performed an adjusted indirect comparison (IC) of randomized clinical trials using Bucher's method with an IC and mixed calculator. Endpoints were Disease Activity Score C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and American College of Rheumatology-20 (ACR20). Equivalence was assessed using the equivalent therapeutic alternatives (ETA) guidelines. RESULTS: We included four of 133 potentially relevant studies. IC showed no statistically significant differences between the four JAKi regarding DAS28-CRP < 3.2. Results were similar in terms of ACR20 except for tofacitinib showing lower efficacy than upadacitinib (RAR -18.4% [IC95% -33.4 to -3.5], p=0.0157). Statistically significant differences were related to the relevant difference for tofacitinib in both endpoints. Despite no statistical differences for baricitinib, we observed a probably clinically relevant difference regarding DAS28-CRP. Probably clinically relevant differences were found for tofacitinib vs. upadacitinib in both endpoints, and for baricitinib vs. upadacitinib in DAS28-CRP. Safety, drug-drug interactions, and convenience considerations did not modify the result of therapeutic equivalence assessment based on efficacy data. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results show that filgotinib and upadacitinib are ETA. Baricitinib and upadacitinib are also ETA due to a lack of clear differences and for showing superiority over placebo. The results for tofacitinib and upadacitinib show some inconsistency and more data are needed. Key Points • To date, neither a head-to-head comparison nor an indirect comparison between the Janus kinase inhibitors has been performed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. • We performed an adjusted indirect comparison that included randomized clinical trials of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib to assess their equivalence in this scenario. • Our results show that baricitinib and filgotinib are equivalent therapeutic alternatives compared to upadacitinib. However, there is some inconsistency in the results of tofacitinib in front of upadacitinib.

Healthcare Professional (HCP) and Patient Usability Evaluation and Preferences of Two Auto-injector Devices for Self-Injection of Biosimilars, SB4 and SB5: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Numerous biologic drugs, including etanercept and adalimumab, are administered subcutaneously. This study reviewed the evidence on the usability and preference of self-injection devices of SB4 and SB5 compared with the reference product injectors. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed using the search string "(Imraldi OR Hadlima OR SB5 OR Benepali OR Brenzys OR SB4) AND (preference) AND (device)" covering the period from 28 January 2016 (first introduction of SB4) to 31 May 2022. Only articles and abstracts on usability or preference-rating of SB4 and SB5 autoinjectors (AI) written in English were selected. Additional papers identified via manual search supplemented the retrieved papers. RESULTS: A total of nine articles and one conference poster were selected (seven surveys, one observational study, and two phase II studies). Overall, participants of the studies included nurses and rheumatologists, as well as patients who were from three medical specialties where these medicines are most commonly used (rheumatology, gastroenterology, and dermatology). The majority of patients and healthcare professionals rated ease of use and ease of grip as the most important device attributes. SB4/Pen and SB5/Pen were mostly preferred over their prefilled syringes (PFS), Enbrel/Pen, and Humira/Pen. CONCLUSION: The analyzed data on usability and device preference indicate that SB4/Pen and SB5/Pen were preferred over the other reference product autoinjectors, thanks to their button-free design, auditory and visual injection feedback, and overall ease of use. Therefore, they were preferred over the other reference product autoinjectors. Because user-friendly devices can improve treatment adherence, pharmaceutical companies should consider patient convenience when developing medical devices.

Upadacitinib for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review.

Upadacitinib is a selective and reversible Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor recently approved by the European Medicine Agency and the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at a dose of 15 mg/day. We present the chemical structure and mechanism of action of upadacitinib together with a comprehensive review of the efficacy of this drug in RA based on the SELECT clinical trial program and its safety profile. Its role in the management and therapeutic strategy of RA is also discussed. Upadacitinib in the different clinical trials has shown similar rates of clinical response, including the remission rates, regardless of the population analyzed (methotrexate-naïve, methotrexate-failure or biologic failure). In a head-to-head randomized clinical trial, upadacitinib plus methotrexate was superior to adalimumab when given on background methotrexate (MTX) in patients who have experienced an inadequate response to MTX. Upadacitinib also demonstrated superiority over abatacept in patients with RA after failure to previous biologic drugs. The safety profile of upadacitinib is generally consistent with those observed with biological or other JAK inhibitors.

Criterios de cribado de la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa asociada a la artritis reumatoide: propuesta de expertos basada en metodología Delphi / Screening criteria for interstitial lung disease associated to rheumatoid arthritis: Expert proposal based on Delphi methodology

Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta multidisciplinar de criterios de cribado de enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa (EPID) en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) y, a la inversa, que sirvan de referencia en la derivación entre los servicios de Reumatología y Neumología para la detección precoz de estos pacientes. Métodos: Se revisó de forma sistemática la literatura sobre factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de EPID en la AR, la utilidad de los distintos métodos diagnósticos para su identificación en pacientes con AR y las diferentes propuestas de criterios de derivación a Reumatología por sospecha de AR precoz. Basándose en la evidencia disponible y en su experiencia clínica, un comité científico formado por dos reumatólogos y dos neumólogos propuso unos criterios de cribado que fueron evaluados mediante el método Delphi por un panel de siete neumólogos y siete reumatólogos. Todos los participantes eran expertos en esta patología. Resultados: Se han elaborado unos criterios para el cribado de EPID en pacientes diagnosticados de AR, y unos criterios para la detección precoz de AR en casos de EPID de causa no filiada. Se incluyen también propuestas sobre las pruebas complementarias a realizar en los diferentes escenarios clínicos considerados y sobre la periodicidad con la que debe repetirse el cribado. Conclusiones: Se propone por primera vez una estrategia de cribado selectivo para el diagnóstico precoz de los pacientes con EPID-AR. Esta propuesta pretende resolver algunos interrogantes clínicos habituales y facilitar la toma de decisiones. Los criterios propuestos deben ser evaluados en futuros estudios de validación.(AU)

Objective: To develop a joint proposal for screening criteria of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vice versa, which serves as a guidelines in patient referral between the Rheumatology and Pneumology departments to early detection of these patients. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out on the risk factors for the development of ILD in RA patients, and for the referral criteria to Rheumatology for suspected early RA. Based on the available evidence, screening criteria were agreed using the Delphi method by a panel of pneumologists and rheumatologists with expertise in these pathologies. Results: Screening criteria for ILD in patients with RA and for the early detection of RA in cases with ILD of unknown etiology have been developed. In both cases, a detection strategy was based on clinical risk factors. Recommendations also included the complementary tests to be carried out in the different clinical scenarios and on the periodicity that screening should be repeated. Conclusion: A selective screening strategy is recommended for the first time in the early diagnosis of patients with ILD-RA. This multidisciplinary proposal aims to solve some common clinical questions and help decision-making, although its usefulness to identify these patients with good sensitivity must be confirmed in a validation study.(AU)

Executive summary of the consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), Spanish Society of Immunology (SEI), Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), and Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV), on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Lyme borreliosis.

The diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is based on the epidemiological history, clinical manifestations and microbiological findings in the early disseminated and late phases of the disease. Related to this fact, microbiological diagnostic techniques have recently appeared. Far from facilitating the diagnosis and the clinical-therapeutic management of LB patients, they are generating confusion. Herein, experts and representatives of Spanish Scientific Societies [Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), Spanish Society of Immunology (SEI), Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), and Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV)] exposed the executive summary after reviewing the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, available diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, therapeutic and prevention options of LB. By consensus, recommendations for microbiological diagnosis are offered together with those supporting the therapeutic management and prophylaxis of infection.

Executive summary of the consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), Spanish Society of Immunology (SEI), Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), and Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV), on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Lyme borreliosis / Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso de la SEIMC, SEN, SEI, SEIP, SER y AEDV sobre el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la borreliosis de Lyme

The diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is based on the epidemiological history, clinical manifestations and microbiological findings in the early disseminated and late phases of the disease. Related to this fact, microbiological diagnostic techniques have recently appeared. Far from facilitating the diagnosis and the clinical-therapeutic management of LB patients, they are generating confusion. Herein, experts and representatives of Spanish Scientific Societies [Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), Spanish Society of Immunology (SEI), Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), and Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV)] exposed the executive summary after reviewing the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, available diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, therapeutic and prevention options of LB. By consensus, recommendations for microbiological diagnosis are offered together with those supporting the therapeutic management and prophylaxis of infection.(AU)

El diagnóstico de la borreliosis de Lyme (BL) se basa en la historia epidemiológica, las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos microbiológicos de las etapas temprana diseminada y tardía de la enfermedad. En relación a este hecho, han aparecido recientemente técnicas diagnósticas microbiológicas que, lejos de facilitar el diagnóstico y el manejo clínico-terapéutico de los pacientes con BL, están generando confusión. Por ello, los expertos y representantes de las sociedades científicas españolas [Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN), Sociedad Española de Inmunología (SEI), Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Reumatología (SER) y Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología (AEDV)] han presentado el documento de síntesis tras revisar la epidemiología, el espectro clínico, las técnicas disponibles para el diagnóstico de la infección por Borrelia burgdorferi, así como las opciones terapéuticas y preventivas de BL. De manera consensuada, se ofrecen recomendaciones para el diagnóstico microbiológico, así como recomendaciones que respaldan el manejo terapéutico y la profilaxis de la infección.(AU)

Screening criteria for interstitial lung disease associated to rheumatoid arthritis: Expert proposal based on Delphi methodology.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a joint proposal for screening criteria of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vice versa, which serves as a guidelines in patient referral between the Rheumatology and Pneumology departments to early detection of these patients. METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out on the risk factors for the development of ILD in RA patients, and for the referral criteria to Rheumatology for suspected early RA. Based on the available evidence, screening criteria were agreed using the Delphi method by a panel of pneumologists and rheumatologists with expertise in these pathologies. RESULTS: Screening criteria for ILD in patients with RA and for the early detection of RA in cases with ILD of unknown etiology have been developed. In both cases, a detection strategy was based on clinical risk factors. Recommendations also included the complementary tests to be carried out in the different clinical scenarios and on the periodicity that screening should be repeated. CONCLUSION: A selective screening strategy is recommended for the first time in the early diagnosis of patients with ILD-RA. This multidisciplinary proposal aims to solve some common clinical questions and help decision-making, although its usefulness to identify these patients with good sensitivity must be confirmed in a validation study.

Altered CD39 and CD73 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Disease Activity and Treatment Response.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium, ATP, and ADP are released, sparking inflammation. Ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 metabolize these purine nucleotides, generating anti-inflammatory adenosine. Therefore, dysregulated CD39 and CD73 expression may impact RA development. We assessed CD39 and CD73 expression in peripheral blood from 15 healthy controls (Cs) and 35 RA patients at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of tocilizumab treatment using flow cytometry. Additionally, ectoenzyme expression was examined on cultured T cells to understand activation and IL-6 effects. At baseline, RA patients exhibited a lower CD8+CD39-CD73+ cell percentage, which inversely correlated with DAS28. Additionally, they had lower percentages of Treg CD39+CD73+ and CD39-CD73- cells. Good responders tended to have lower B CD39+CD73+ cell percentages at baseline and 3 months. Additionally, Treg, CD8+ T and B cells inversely correlated with DAS28. T-cell activation increased CD39 and decreased CD73 expression, regardless of IL-6. IL-6 reduced IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T-cell percentage in Cs, but increased the percentage of IFNγ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in RA patients. These findings indicate differing CD39 and CD73 expression in RA and Cs, influenced by T-cell activation and IL-6. Correlations between these molecules and RA activity suggest their role in dysregulated inflammation in RA.