Polymorphisms in canine ATP7B: candidate modifier of copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier.

A COMMD1(MURR1) deletion has been reported as the cause of copper toxicosis (CT) in Bedlington terriers. Recent studies identified Bedlington terriers with copper accumulation without homozygous COMMD1 deletions. Wilson disease in humans is a copper storage disorder similar to CT caused by mutations in ATP7B, and COMMD1 has been shown to interact with the ATP7B protein. ATP7B may act as a modifier in CT, allowing for copper accumulation in Bedlington terriers with one deletion or other variations in COMMD1. In this study, ATP7B was cloned and sequence analysis conducted in a subset of Bedlington terriers from a pedigree that does not show complete association between the COMMD1 deletion and CT. Eleven polymorphisms, two in the coding region, were identified in the Bedlington terrier ATP7B gene. However, these are not unique to the Bedlington terrier and pedigree analysis suggests that ATP7B is not a modifier of COMMD1 in this subset of dogs.

In vivo reduction of amyloid-beta by a mutant copper transporter.

Cu ions have been suggested to enhance the assembly and pathogenic potential of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide. To explore this relationship in vivo, toxic-milk (txJ) mice with a mutant ATPase7b transporter favoring elevated Cu levels were analyzed in combination with the transgenic (Tg) CRND8 amyloid precursor protein mice exhibiting robust Abeta deposition. Unexpectedly, TgCRND8 mice homozygous for the recessive txJ mutation examined at 6 months of age exhibited a reduced number of amyloid plaques and diminished plasma Abeta levels. In addition, homozygosity for txJ increased survival of young TgCRND8 mice and lowered endogenous CNS Abeta at times before detectable increases in Cu in the CNS. These data suggest that the beneficial effect of the txJ mutation on CNS Abeta burden may proceed by a previously undescribed mechanism, likely involving increased clearance of peripheral pools of Abeta peptide.

New haplotypes in the Bedlington terrier indicate complexity in copper toxicosis.

Copper toxicosis (CT) is an autosomal recessive disorder common in Bedlington terriers. Previously, the CT locus was mapped to canine Chromosome (Chr) 10q26 through linkage to marker C04107. Diagnosis, traditionally based on liver biopsy, has recently shifted to interpretation of the C04107 microsatellite alleles where allele 2 segregates with the disease with 90-95% accuracy. Recently, CT has been attributed to a deletion of exon 2 in the MURR1 gene. We also identified a deletion of exon 2 of MURR1 in our collection of 2-2 homozygous affected terriers. However, our collection also included affected 1-1 homozygotes and 1-2 heterozygotes, and these dogs did not have the homozygous deletion. In addition to C04107, we analyzed an adjacent microsatellite (C04107B), and two novel SNPs, all within intron 1 of MURR1, and sequenced all exons and their intronic boundaries. Pedigree analysis indicates that there are two typical haplotypes, one normal and one affected, maintaining complete linkage disequilibrium between C04107 allele 2 and the deletion in most pedigrees. Most importantly, we identified a recombinant haplotype present in a North American pedigree, where allele 2 is not linked with the deletion, and a fourth haplotype containing a splice site variant. Although the splice site alteration appears to be a normal variant, it is present in two affected dogs, which do not carry homozygous deletions of MURR1.