No impact of surviving sepsis campaign care bundles in reducing sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
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BACKGROUND: The impact of Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) care bundles in reducing sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) was evaluated. METHODS: We conducted an observational single-center cohort study. Accomplishment of SSC care bundles was registered in all patients with severe sepsis admitted to the critical care department of a university hospital during three different periods. The main outcome measured was SA-AKI incidence defined as any worsening of AKI stage within the first 7 days from onset of sepsis. RESULTS: Among 260 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock finally meeting inclusion criteria, 82 (31.5%) patients developed SA-AKI. None of the SSC care tasks significantly decreased SA-AKI incidence, although a trend was observed with an initial better blood glucose control as well as with a more protective ventilation strategy. Hypotension requiring fluid challenge (hazard ratio (HR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2 - 4.2) and the presence of an abdominal sepsis etiology (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 - 3.1) were independently associated with SA-AKI. Patients who developed SA-AKI had a higher 90-day mortality rate (62.2 vs. 40.4%). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of septic patients, none of the SSC care tasks significantly decreased SA-AKI incidence within the first week after onset of sepsis.
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Outcomes of abdominal surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis (LC) frequently require non-hepatic abdominal surgery, even before liver transplantation. LC is an important risk factor itself for surgery, due to the higher than average associated morbidity and mortality. This high surgical risk occurs because of the pathophysiology of liver disease itself and to the presence of contributing factors, such as coagulopathy, poor nutritional status, adaptive immune dysfunction, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, and renal and pulmonary dysfunction, which all lead to poor outcomes. Careful evaluation of these factors and the degree of liver disease can help to reduce the development of complications both during and after abdominal surgery. In the emergency setting, with the presence of decompensated LC, alcoholic hepatitis, severe/advanced LC, and significant extrahepatic organ dysfunction conservative management is preferred. A multidisciplinary, individualized, and specialized approach can improve outcomes; preoperative optimization after risk stratification and careful management are mandatory before surgery. Laparoscopic techniques can also improve outcomes. We review the impact of LC on surgical outcome in non-hepatic abdominal surgeries required in this cirrhotic population before, during, and after surgery.

The inflammatory response in cardiac surgery: an overview of the pathophysiology and clinical implications.

During cardiac surgery different factors, such as the aortic clamp, the extracorporeal circulation and the surgical injury itself, produce complex inflammatory responses which can lead to varying degrees of ischemia-reperfusion injury and/or systemic inflammatory response. This may have clinical implications due to hemodynamic changes related with an enlarged vasodilatory response. Thus, maintaining adequate levels of blood pressure during and after cardiac surgery represents a challenge for physicians when inflammatory response appears. The use of noradrenaline to raise arterial pressure is the most current pharmacological approach in the operating room and ICU. However, it is not always effective and other drugs, such as methylene blue, have to be used among others in specific cases as rescue therapy. The aim of our research is to review briefly the pathophysiology and clinical implications in the treatment of the inflammatory response in cardiac surgery, together with the mechanisms involved in those treatments.