ABSTRACT
The mission of veterinary clinical pathology is to support the diagnostic process by using tests to measure different blood biomarkers to support decision making about farmed fish health and welfare. The objective of this study is to provide reference intervals (RIs) for 44 key hematological, blood biochemistry, blood gasometry and hormones biomarkers for the three most economically important farmed salmonid species in Chile (Atlantic salmon, coho salmon and rainbow trout) during the freshwater (presmolt and smolt age range) and seawater stages (post-smolt and adult age range). Our results confirmed that the concentration or activity of most blood biomarkers depend on the salmonid species, age range and/or the interaction between them, and they are often biologically related to each other. Erythogram and leukogram profiles revealed a similar distribution in rainbow trout and coho salmon, but those in Atlantic salmon were significantly different. While the activity of the most clinically important plasma enzymes demonstrated a similar profile in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, coho salmon demonstrated a significantly different distribution. Plasma electrolyte and mineral profiles showed significant differences between salmonid species, especially for rainbow trout, while Atlantic salmon and coho salmon demonstrated a high degree of similarity. Furthermore, electrolytes, minerals and blood gasometry biomarkers were significantly different between age ranges, suggesting a considerably different distribution between freshwater and seawater-farmed fish. The RIs of clinically healthy fish described in this study take into account the high biological variation of farmed fish in Chile, as the 3.059 individuals came from 78 different fish farms, both freshwater and seawater, and blood samples were collected using the same pre-analytical protocol. Likewise, our study provides the Chilean salmon farming industry with standardized protocols that can be used routinely and provides valuable information to improve the preventive vision of aquamedicine through the application of blood biomarkers to support and optimize health, welfare and husbandry management in the salmon farming industry.
ABSTRACT
Resumo: Introdução: A orientação comunitária apresenta, em estudos de avaliação dos atributos da atenção primária à saúde, baixa performance entre os usuários. Questiona-se, em especial, se a qualificação profissional em Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) contribui para a otimização desse desempenho. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre qualificação profissional em MFC e o grau de orientação comunitária na perspectiva dos profissionais médicos atuantes na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Belo Horizonte. Método: Trata-se de estudo censitário que reuniu médicos de todas as regionais de Belo Horizonte. Variáveis sociodemográficas relativas à formação acadêmica e à situação ocupacional foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Utilizou-se o instrumento PCATool-Brasil para medir o desempenho do atributo. Resultado: A comparação entre desempenho do escore orientação comunitária e variáveis independentes foi feita pelo teste qui-quadrado, com correção de Fischer. O escore médio foi de 7,9 (DP ±1,2). Nenhuma variável independente foi associada com a orientação comunitária satisfatória. Houve correlação entre tempo de conclusão da residência médica em MFC e alto escore para orientação comunitária. Conclusão: A qualificação em MFC não determina, por si só, um alto grau de orientação comunitária. O maior tempo de formação em MFC na modalidade residência médica correlacionou-se com maior desempenho desse atributo derivado.
Abstract: Introduction: In studies evaluating the attributes of Primary Health Care, Community Orientation has shown weak performance among users. In particular, questions remain over whether professional qualification in Family Practice (FP) helps optimize this performance. Purpose: verify the association between professional qualification in FP and the degree of Community Orientation from the perspective of medical professionals working in the Family Health Strategy of Belo Horizonte. Methods: This census study was applied to doctors in Belo Horizonte. Sociodemographic variables related to academic training and occupational status were obtained through a questionnaire. The PCATool-Brasil was used to measure the performance of this attribute. Result: The comparison between the performance of the Community Orientation score and independent variables was made using the chi-square test, with Fischer correction. The average score was 7.9 (SD ± 1.2). No independent variable was associated with a satisfactory level of Community Orientation. There was a correlation between time of completion of medical residency in FP and a high Community Orientation score. Conclusion: Qualification in FP does not itself determine a high degree of Community Orientation. Longer training in FP medical residency was correlated to better performance of this derived attribute.
ABSTRACT
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is widespread in many areas of the world and can cause substantial economic losses for the salmon aquaculture industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological response and gene expression profiles related to the immune response at different water temperatures and to identify the best immunopathological biomarkers to define a phenotype of resistance to BKD. The abundance of msa transcripts of R. salmoninarum in the head kidney was significantly higher in infected fish at 11°C. R. salmoninarum induced significantly more severe kidney lesions, anemia and impaired renal function at 11°C. In addition, the expression pattern of the genes related to humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in infected fish at 11 and 15°C was very similar, although R. salmoninarum induced a significantly greater downregulation of the adaptive immune response genes at the lower water temperature. These results could be due to a suppressed host response directly related to the lowest water temperature and/or associated with a delayed host response related to the lowest water temperature. Although no significant differences in survival rate were observed, fish infected at the lowest temperature showed a higher probability of death and delayed the mortality curve during the late stage of infection (35 days after infection). Thirty-three immunopathological biomarkers were identified for potential use in the search for a resistance phenotype for BKD, and eight were genes related specifically to the adaptive cell-mediated immune response.
