Quality of lean body mass and jump capacity in high performance young basketball players lean body mass and jump capacity.

The lean body mass (LBM) components have been suggested as important predictors of anaerobic performance, which is highly involved in basketball. We explored with descriptive cross-sectional design the relationship between anaerobic performance and full molecular and cellular body composition profile in young male basketball players. Twenty-one players (age = 16.8 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 76.3 ± 15.7 kg, height = 189.3 ± 12.6 cm) were recruited, 11 elite and 10 local level. Participants were evaluated on multicomponent body composition [LBM, appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), bone mineral content (BMC), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW)] and field-based anaerobic performance (vertical jump, linear sprint, and handgrip strength). The stepwise regression analyses adjusted for confounders showed significant relationships of whole-body and regional body composition components with handgrip and jump performance (P ≤ 0.03). Prediction models combining body composition variables assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) revealed that lean mass and hydration ratios (ICW/ECW and ECW/TBW) were strongly associated with jump performance (CMJ and CMJ25kg), independently of the competition level (P < 0.01). The novel finding in this study was that water quality (ICW/ECW) and water distribution (ECW/TBW, ICW) of total and regional LBM were the main predictors of vertical jump capacity in young basketball players.

The Importance of Biological Maturation and Years of Practice in Kayaking Performance.

Previous canoe sprint studies evaluated the best paddlers of their categories. This investigation aimed to identify the importance of biological maturation and athletes' experience in kayaking performance and observe possible differences regarding anthropometry, years of practice, and performance. Eighty under 14 years of age (U14) and fifty under 16 years of age (U16) kayakers aged 13.40 ± 0.54 and 15.25 ± 0.61 years were evaluated. Kayakers were assessed for anthropometry (body mass (kg); stretch stature (cm); and sitting height (cm)), performance (time at 3000 m for U14 and 5000 m for U16 kayakers), and somatic maturation (predicted adult height (PAH) and maturity offset). In the U14 kayakers, years of practice, sitting height, and maturity offset showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the Top10 and Middle, and Middle and Bottom10 performance times. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) sitting heights were identified between the Top10 and Middle U16 kayakers. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for maturity offset and PAH% between the Top10 and Middle groups compared to the Bottom10 group. In conclusion, this research shows differences in the maturity status of young U14 and U16 kayakers, identifying that the more biologically mature individuals, with more years of specific practice, achieved better performances.

Age and Training-Related Changes on Body Composition and Fitness in Male Amateur Cyclists.

Master athletes are considered as a model of healthy aging because they can limit the age-related decline of physiological abilities compared to sedentary individuals. The main objective of this study is to analyze age-related changes and annual training on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) parameters. The participants in this retrospective cross-sectional study were 176 male cyclists, aged 40-60 years. BC was evaluated through anthropometric measurements and CRF was determined by an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. A comparative study between age groups was carried out through a one-way ANOVA test and the associations between the variables were assessed by Spearman's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis to estimate the performance. Training was generally associated with a decrease in both body weight and body fat (p < 0.05). A decrease in resting heart rate was observed as a vagal effect of kilometers cycled per year (p < 0.05). Kilometers cycled per year were associated with an increase in peak power output, which was larger in the master 40 group (p < 0.05) with a non-significant upward in VO2max (p > 0.05). In the performance prediction model, the included variables explained 52% of the variance. In summary, the changes induced by age were minimal in BC and negligible in CRF, whereas HR decreased with age. Training load was generally associated with a decrease in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage that was particularly notable in the abdominal skin folds. A decrease in HRrest was observed as a vagal effect due to kilometers cycled per year, and age did not seem to have a significant effect. The annual cycling kilometers were associated with to high PPO that is greater in the M40 group and a non-significant upward trend in VO2max.

Predictive Performance Models in Long-Distance Runners: A Narrative Review.

Physiological variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max), running economy (RE) and changes in lactate levels are considered the main factors determining performance in long-distance races. The aim of this review was to present the mathematical models available in the literature to estimate performance in the 5000 m, 10,000 m, half-marathon and marathon events. Eighty-eight articles were identified, selections were made based on the inclusion criteria and the full text of the articles were obtained. The articles were reviewed and categorized according to demographic, anthropometric, exercise physiology and field test variables were also included by athletic specialty. A total of 58 studies were included, from 1983 to the present, distributed in the following categories: 12 in the 5000 m, 13 in the 10,000 m, 12 in the half-marathon and 21 in the marathon. A total of 136 independent variables associated with performance in long-distance races were considered, 43.4% of which pertained to variables derived from the evaluation of aerobic metabolism, 26.5% to variables associated with training load and 20.6% to anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype components. The most closely associated variables in the prediction models for the half and full marathon specialties were the variables obtained from the laboratory tests (VO2max, vVO2max), training variables (training pace, training load) and anthropometric variables (fat mass, skinfolds). A large gap exists in predicting time in long-distance races, based on field tests. Physiological effort assessments are almost exclusive to shorter specialties (5000 m and 10,000 m). The predictor variables of the half-marathon are mainly anthropometric, but with moderate coefficients of determination. The variables of note in the marathon category are fundamentally those associated with training and those derived from physiological evaluation and anthropometric parameters.

Thigh and abdominal adipose tissue depot associations with testosterone levels in postmenopausal females.

OBJECTIVE: Research findings on the relationship between serum androgens and adipose tissue in older females are inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relationship using state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate associations between body fat distribution and plasma testosterone (T) levels in older postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study of healthy, community dwelling postmenopausal women. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Postmenopausal women (60-80 years old) were included in this study. Overall body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Abdominal and thigh fat depots were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Circulating T concentrations were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Thirty-five women (66.6 ± 0.8 years) participated in this study. T levels were positively associated with clinical proxy measures of adiposity including weight (ρ = 0.39), BMI (ρ = 0.43) and waist circumference (ρ = 0.39) (all P < 0.05). Fat mass and % body fat were correlated with T levels (ρ = 0.42 and 0.38 respectively, both P < 0.05). T correlated with overall and superficial abdominal fat (ρ = 0.34 and 0.37 respectively, both P < 0.05) but not with visceral adipose tissue. T increased with greater thigh fat (ρ = 0.49, P < 0.05) in both superficial and deep depots (ρ = 0.50 and 0.35 respectively, both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that postmenopausal women with higher circulating T levels have both higher regional and overall body adiposity. These findings underscore the sexual dimorphism in the relationship between serum androgen levels and adiposity.

Longitudinal validity of abdominal adiposity assessment by regional bioelectrical impedance.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the longitudinal agreement between changes in trunk and abdominal adiposity variables assessed by DXA and portable bioimpedance device (ViScan). A total of 44 women, enrolled in a 4-month exercise intervention, were included in this analysis. Trunk/abdominal compartments were assessed by ViScan and DXA. Adjusted correlations for age and FM at first assessment (pre) were utilized to perform concurrent validation among methods and completed with an agreement analysis. We observed significant differences between the changes detected by DXA and ViScan for %TFM (difference = -1.41%; p < 0.05), and proportional bias (Kendall's Tau = 0.53; p < 0.0001). Changes in abdominal adiposity were similar (difference = -0.1037 z-score units, p = 0.53), although there was proportional bias (Kendall's Tau = -0.24, p < 0.022). ViScan has a limited capability to evaluated changes in trunk and abdominal adiposity, at least for clinical purposes in adult women.

Body composition changes after sport detraining period / Cambios de la composición corporal tras un periodo de desentrenamiento deportivo

Introduction: The infl uence of exercise in trained subjects has beneficial effects in the physical fi tness and body composition; however, detraining has an unfavorable effect in all of them. Objective: The current study was designed to ascertain the infl uence of a six week-detraining period on body composition in both well-trained young soccer players (GE, n = 43) and sedentary male adolescents (GC, n = 10). Methods: Forty-three well-trained soccer players and ten sedentary adolescents accepted to participate in the study. Body composition measurements included fat mass and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), which were estimated by anthropometry. In addition, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at the end of training and after detraining periods. Results: After the six-week-detraining period, signifi cant increments were found in TBW (35.5 ± 5.2 vs.36.7 ± 4.9 kg; p < 0.001), ICW (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.8 ± 1.6 kg; p < 0.001) and ECW (21.5 ± 3.6 vs. 22.0 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.001) in soccer players. Conversely, no changes were observed in ECW/TBW (0.4 ± 0.02 vs. 0.4 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) and ICW/TBW (0.6 ± 0.02 vs. 0.597 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) ratios. Finally, fat mass was significantly increased (8.6 ± 3.2 vs. 8.95 ± 3.1 kg; p < 0.01) in the detrained group. No signifi cant changes were found in SMM (21.2 ± 2.5 vs. 22.22 ± 2.8 kg, p > 0.05). Conclusions: After a six-week detraining period, body composition changed signifi cantly in well-trained adolescents. The main fi nding of this study was that increments of TBW and water distribution were observed in the soccer group, which refl ects an increase of fat free mass compartment. The physiological importance of this miss-adaptation needs to be elucidated in future research. Further studies on this topic are still required to assess its impact on physical performance.

The Influence of 2-Year Changes in Physical Activity, Maturation, and Nutrition on Adiposity in Adolescent Youth.

The aim of this longitudinal study was to explore temporal patterns of physical activity (PA) and adiposity in Spanish adolescents. Eighty healthy adolescents were followed over a 2-year period (42 girls and 38 boys). A PA score was estimated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Adiposity was assessed by anthropometric measurements; body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percent (FMP) were calculated using standard equations. Sexual maturity was estimated by percentage of predicted adult stature. Dietary intake was assessed by a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Three assessments were performed: September 2011 (S1), 2012 (S2), and 2013 (S3). A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine temporal changes in PA and FMP and sex change in maturation categories (two factor mixed-design, 2x2x3). A stepwise linear regression was conducted in order to estimate the predictors of FMP change. Significant changes for FMP were found between S1, S2, and S3 (23.41±8.24 vs. 21.89±7.82 vs. 22.05±8.06, p<0.05; respectively); a significant interaction of FMP with sex was observed (F = 4.387, p<0.05 for S2-S3), but not for maturation. PA at S2 was significantly higher than S3 (2.58±0.72 vs. 2.29±0.73, p<0.001). An interaction between PA change and sex was statically significant (F = 4.889, p<0.05 for S2-S3). A reduction in PA was observed after the S2 period without changes in adiposity. In contrast, a significant reduction in FMP was seen between S1 and S2, while PA did not significantly change. There were no significant differences for nutritional variables between S1 and S3, and nutrition was not a determinant of the changes in PA or FMP. Our results suggest that body composition changes observed during adolescence are not driven by changes in PA. Moreover, the interaction analysis suggests that PA behavior is affected by sex, but is not modified by maturation.

Importancia clínica, métodos diagnósticos y efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la grasa visceral / Clinical relevance, diagnostic methods and effects of exercise on visceral fat

El aumento epidémico del sobrepeso y la obesidad repercuten sobre la cantidad de grasa así como en su distribución corporal. En especial son importantes las implicaciones clínicas que pueden producir los depósitos de grasa visceral. El aumento en la cantidad de tejido adiposo visceral, se asocia a enfermedades como el síndrome metabólico, la enfermedad cardiovascular y varias enfermedades neoplásicas como el cáncer de próstata, mama y colorrectal. La evaluación precisa del tejido adiposo visceral es importante para evaluar el riesgo potencial de desarrollo de estas patologías, así como para proporcionar un pronóstico preciso. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo revisar los diferentes métodos de la cuantifi cación de la grasa visceral, como los métodos antropométricos y la bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) y la pletismografía, así como los métodos de imagen: ultrasonidos, la absorciometría dual de rayos X, (DXA) la tomografía computerizada (TC) y la resonancia magnética (RM), en la práctica clínica y de investigación y repasar los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la grasa visceral. Los métodos TC y RM son considerados los métodos patrón en cuanto a la medición de las cortes simples y volúmenes de grasa visceral en los niveles de L2-L3 y L4-L5 dependiendo de los diferentes autores y métodos. Las medidas antropométricas se correlacionan débilmente con las mediciones y volúmenes de grasa visceral, aunque son útiles para el diagnóstico epidemiológico de la obesidad general y central. La BIA suele sobrestimar los valores de grasa de tronco sobre métodoscomo RM y DXA. El ejercicio físico tiene efectos diferentes sobre los depósitos viscerales, dependiendo del fenotipo. Los mayores efectos de reducción dela grasa visceral parecen obtenerse con el ejercicio aeróbico varias veces por semana y a una intensidad moderada-alta

The epidemic increase in overweight and obesity aff ect on the amount of total body fat and body distribution. Clinical implications that can cause visceral fat deposits are especially important. The higher amounts of visceral adipose tissue is associated with several diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and various neoplasic diseases such as prostate, breast and colorectal cancer. The accurate assessment of visceral adipose tissue is important to assess the potential risk of development of these pathologies, as well as to provide an accurate prognosis. This work aims to review the diff erent methods of visceral fat quantifi cation as anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance analysis and plethysmography, as well as imaging methods: ultrasound, dual X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography and magnetic resonance in clinical practice and research settings and review the eff ects of physical exercise on visceral fat amounts. CT and MRI methods are considered the gold standard, in terms of measuring the simple cuts and volumes of visceral fat levels in L2-L3 or L4-L5 depending of several authors and methods. Anthropometric measures are weakly correlated with measurements and volumes of visceral fat, even if they are useful for epidemiological diagnosis of total body fat and central obesity. The BIA is often overestimated values of fat trunk on methods such as RM and DXA. Physical exercise has different eff ects on visceral deposits, depending on the phenotype. The greatest eff ects of reduction of the visceral fat seem to get aerobic exercise, several times a week at a moderate intensity

Comparison of two field methods for estimating body fat in different spanish dance disciplines.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate percentage body fat (%BF) differences in three Spanish dance disciplines and to compare skinfold and bioelectrical impedance predictions of body fat percentage in the same sample. Seventy-six female dancers, divided into three groups, Classical (n=23), Spanish (n=29) and Flamenco (n=24), were measured using skinfold measurements at four sites: triceps, subscapular, biceps and iliac crest, and whole body multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA). The skinfold measures were used to predict body fat percentage via Durnin and Womersley's and Segal, Sun and Yannakoulia equations by BIA. Differences in percent fat mass between groups (Classical, Spanish and Flamenco) were tested by using repeated measures analysis (ANOVA). Also, Pearson's product-moment correlations were performed on the body fat percentage values obtained using both methods. In addition, Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement, between anthropometric and BIA methods. Repeated measures analysis of variance did not found differences in %BF between modalities (p<0.05). Fat percentage correlations ranged from r= 0.57 to r=0.97 (all, p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed differences between BIA Yannakoulia as a reference method with BIA Segal (-0.35 ± 2.32%, 95%CI: -0.89to 0.18, p=0.38), with BIA Sun (-0.73 ± 2.3%, 95%CI: -1.27 to -0.20, p=0.014) and Durnin-Womersley (-2.65 ± 2,48%, 95%CI: -3.22 to -2.07, p<0.0001). It was concluded that body fat percentage estimates by BIA compared with skinfold method were systematically different in young adult female ballet dancers, having a tendency to produce underestimations as %BF increased with Segal and Durnin-Womersley equations compared to Yannakoulia, concluding that these methods are not interchangeable.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) y comparar las predicciones y las diferencias en tres disciplinas de danza española, asi como las predicciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal mediante los pliegues de grasa y por impedancia bioeléctrica en la misma muestra . Setenta y seis bailarinas , divididos en tres grupos, Clásica (n = 23) , Danza española (n = 29) y Flamenco (n = 24) , fueron evaluados mediante mediciones de los pliegues cutáneos : tríceps, subescapular , bíceps y la cresta ilíaca y por impedancia bioeléctrica de cuerpo entero (BIA) . Se utilizaron las medidas de pliegues cutáneos para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal a través de ecuaciones de Durnin y Womersley y Segal , Sun y Yannakoulia por BIA . Las diferencias en el porcentaje de grasa en masa entre los grupos Clásica, Española y Flamenco fueron evaluadas mediante un análisis de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). Además se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson entre los valores de porcentaje de grasa corporal obtenidos entre métodos. Así mismo se utilizó un análisis de Bland -Altman para evaluar la concordancia entre los métodos antropométricos y BIA. El análisis de medidas repetidas no encontró diferencias en el % de grasa corporal entre modalidades (P.

Comparison of two field methods for estimating body fat in different Spanish Dance disciplines / Comparación de dos métodos de campo para estimar la grasa corporal en diferentes disciplinas de la danza española

The purpose of the present study was to investigate percentage body fat (%BF) differences in three Spanish dance disciplines and to compare skinfold and bioelectrical impedance predictions of body fat percentage in the same sample. Seventy-six female dancers, divided into three groups, Classical (n=23), Spanish (n=29) and Flamenco (n=24), were measured using skinfold measurements at four sites: triceps, subscapular, biceps and iliac crest, and whole body multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA). The skinfold measures were used to predict body fat percentage via Durnin and Womersley’s and Segal, Sun and Yannakoulia equations by BIA. Differences in percent fat mass between groups (Classical, Spanish and Flamenco) were tested by using repeated measures analysis (ANOVA). Also, Pearson’s product-moment correlations were performed on the body fat percentage values obtained using both methods. In addition, Bland-Altman plots were used to assess agreement, between anthropometric and BIA methods. Repeated measures analysis of variance did not found differences in % BF between modalities (p<0.05). Fat percentage correlations ranged from r= 0.57 to r=0.97 (all, p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed differences between BIA Yannakoulia as a reference method with BIA Segal (-0.35 ± 2.32%, 95%CI: -0.89to 0.18, p=0.38), with BIA Sun (-0.73 ± 2.3%, 95%CI: -1.27 to -0.20, p=0.014) and Durnin-Womersley (-2.65 ± 2,48%, 95%CI: -3.22 to -2.07, p<0.0001). It was concluded that body fat percentage estimates by BIA compared with skinfold method were systematically different in young adult female ballet dancers, having a tendency to produce underestimations as %BF increased with Segal and Durnin-Womersley equations compared to Yannakoulia, concluding that these methods are not interchangeable (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) y comparar las predicciones y las diferencias en tres disciplinas de danza española, así como las predicciones del porcentaje de grasa corporal mediante los pliegues de grasa y por impedancia bioeléctrica en la misma muestra. Setenta y seis bailarinas, divididos en tres grupos, Clásica (n = 23), Danza española (n = 29) y Flamenco (n = 24), fueron evaluados mediante mediciones de los pliegues cutáneos: tríceps, subescapular , bíceps y la cresta ilíaca y por impedancia bioeléctrica de cuerpo entero (BIA) . Se utilizaron las medidas de pliegues cutáneos para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal a través de ecuaciones de Durnin y Womersley y Segal, Sun y Yannakoulia por BIA. Las diferencias en el porcentaje de grasa en masa entre los grupos Clásica, Española y Flamenco fueron evaluadas mediante un análisis de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). Además se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson entre los valores de porcentaje de grasa corporal obtenidos entre métodos. Así mismo se utilizó un análisis de Bland-Altman para evaluar la concordancia entre los métodos antropométricos y BIA. El análisis de medidas repetidas no encontró diferencias en el % de grasa corporal entre modalidades (P <0,05). Las correlaciones entre los porcentaje de grasa oscilaron entre r = 0,57 y r = 0,97 (todos, P < 0,001). El análisis de Bland y Altman reveló diferencias entre BIA Yannakoulia como método de referencia con BIA Segal (-0.35 ± 2.32 %, IC del 95 %: - 0.89to 0,18, P = 0,38), con BIA Sun (-0,73 ± 2,3 %, 95 % IC: -1,27 a -0,20, P = 0,014) y Durnin-Womersley (-2,65 ± 2,48 %, IC del 95 %: -3,22 a -2,07, P < 0,0001). Se concluye que las estimaciones de porcentaje de grasa corporal por BIA en comparación con el método de los pliegues cutáneos fueron sistemáticamente diferentes en jóvenes bailarinas de ballet, además de existir una tendencia a la subestimación en el porcentaje de grasa corporal a medida que aumenta la magnitud de los valores de las ecuaciones de Segal y Durnin - Womersley en comparación con Yannakoulia, por lo cual no son métodos intercambiables (AU)