Coexistence of persistent fetal vasculature and retinoblastoma in the same eye.

BACKGROUND: As retinoblastoma (RB) is the most frequent primary intraocular malignant tumor in childhood, it should be the main pathology to rule out in pediatric patients with leukocoria. Persistence of fetal vasculature (PFV) is within the differential diagnosis of leukocoria, a vitreous disorder arising from a defect in the involution of the hyaloid vasculature in the embryonic stage, which affects normal ocular development and commonly produces associated microophthalmia. An early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for a better prognosis and life expectancy of the child. CASE REPORT: We present a case of retinoblastoma and coexisting with PFV: a 2-years-and 11-months-old male with no red reflex, and vasculature and yellowish-white membrane behind the lens of the right eye. B-mode ultrasound with disorganization of the vitreous cavity with high reflectivity echoes suggestive of calcification. On examination we found an enlarged eyeball, rubeosis iridis, posterior vasculature, intraocular pressure 28 mmHg. Computed tomography with heterogeneous intraocular mass with hyperdense regions. With a diagnosis of probable retinoblastoma, enucleation was performed. Histopathology reported moderately differentiated retinoblastoma coexisting with PFV. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of these two diagnoses in the same eye is very rare due to the different pathophysiology.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El retinoblastoma (RB) es el tumor maligno primario intraocular más frecuente en la infancia y debe ser la principal patología a descartar en los pacientes pediátricos con leucocoria. La persistencia de la vasculatura fetal (PVF) está dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de la leucocoria, un trastorno del vítreo que surge de un defecto en la involución de la vasculatura hialoidea en la etapa embrionaria que afecta al desarrollo ocular normal y comúnmente produce microoftalmia asociada. El diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno son cruciales para un buen pronóstico y mejor esperanza de vida del infante. CASO CLÍNICO: Presentamos un caso de coexistencia de retinoblastoma y PVF: paciente de sexo masculino de 2 años y 11 meses sin reflejo rojo y vasculatura y membrana blanco-amarillenta detrás del cristalino en el ojo derecho. La ecografía en modo B con desorganización de la cavidad vítrea con ecos de alta reflectividad sugestivos de calcificación. A la exploración se observó globo ocular agrandado, rubeosis iridis, vasculatura posterior, presión intraocular 28 mmHg. Tomografía computarizada con masa intraocular heterogénea con regiones hiperdensas. Con diagnóstico de probable retinoblastoma, se realizó la enucleación. La histopatología informó el hallazgo de retinoblastoma moderadamente diferenciado coexistente con PVF. CONCLUSIONES: El hallazgo de estos dos diagnósticos en un mismo ojo es muy poco frecuente debido a la diferente fisiopatología.

Coexistencia de vasculatura fetal persistente y retinoblastoma en el mismo ojo / Coexistence of persistent fetal vasculature and retinoblastoma in the same eye

Resumen Introducción: El retinoblastoma (RB) es el tumor maligno primario intraocular más frecuente en la infancia y debe ser la principal patología a descartar en los pacientes pediátricos con leucocoria. La persistencia de la vasculatura fetal (PVF) está dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de la leucocoria, un trastorno del vítreo que surge de un defecto en la involución de la vasculatura hialoidea en la etapa embrionaria que afecta al desarrollo ocular normal y comúnmente produce microoftalmia asociada. El diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno son cruciales para un buen pronóstico y mejor esperanza de vida del infante. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso de coexistencia de retinoblastoma y PVF: paciente de sexo masculino de 2 años y 11 meses sin reflejo rojo y vasculatura y membrana blanco-amarillenta detrás del cristalino en el ojo derecho. La ecografía en modo B con desorganización de la cavidad vítrea con ecos de alta reflectividad sugestivos de calcificación. A la exploración se observó globo ocular agrandado, rubeosis iridis, vasculatura posterior, presión intraocular 28 mmHg. Tomografía computarizada con masa intraocular heterogénea con regiones hiperdensas. Con diagnóstico de probable retinoblastoma, se realizó la enucleación. La histopatología informó el hallazgo de retinoblastoma moderadamente diferenciado coexistente con PVF. Conclusiones: El hallazgo de estos dos diagnósticos en un mismo ojo es muy poco frecuente debido a la diferente fisiopatología.

Abstract Background: As retinoblastoma (RB) is the most frequent primary intraocular malignant tumor in childhood, it should be the main pathology to rule out in pediatric patients with leukocoria. Persistence of fetal vasculature (PFV) is within the differential diagnosis of leukocoria, a vitreous disorder arising from a defect in the involution of the hyaloid vasculature in the embryonic stage, which affects normal ocular development and commonly produces associated microophthalmia. An early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for a better prognosis and life expectancy of the child. Case report: We present a case of retinoblastoma and coexisting with PFV: a 2-years-and 11-months-old male with no red reflex, and vasculature and yellowish-white membrane behind the lens of the right eye. B-mode ultrasound with disorganization of the vitreous cavity with high reflectivity echoes suggestive of calcification. On examination we found an enlarged eyeball, rubeosis iridis, posterior vasculature, intraocular pressure 28 mmHg. Computed tomography with heterogeneous intraocular mass with hyperdense regions. With a diagnosis of probable retinoblastoma, enucleation was performed. Histopathology reported moderately differentiated retinoblastoma coexisting with PFV. Conclusions: The finding of these two diagnoses in the same eye is very rare due to the different pathophysiology.

Frequency of conjunctival epithelial dysplasia in patients with pterygium.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of ocular squamous surface neoplasia associated with pterygium in an ophthalmology reference center in Central Mexico. METHODS: We reviewed histopathological reports and slides of all patients who underwent pterygium surgery from 2014 to 2016 at the Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia in Queretaro (Mexico). RESULTS: We studied 177 biopsy samples; 66% were from women, and the median age was 52 years. We found ocular squamous surface neoplasias in 11.29% (n=20) of the samples. One biopsy sample revealed a poorly differentiated keratinizing and infiltrating carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in our region appears to be high. Countrywide studies are necessary to determine the true prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in Mexico and to examine related risk factors.

Frequency of conjunctival epithelial dysplasia in patients with pterygium / Incidência de displasia do epitélio conjuntival em pacientes com diagnóstico de pterígio

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the frequency of ocular squamous surface neoplasia associated with pterygium in an ophthalmology reference center in Central Mexico. Methods: We reviewed histopathological reports and slides of all patients who underwent pterygium surgery from 2014 to 2016 at the Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia in Queretaro (Mexico). Results: We studied 177 biopsy samples; 66% were from women, and the median age was 52 years. We found ocular squamous surface neoplasias in 11.29% (n=20) of the samples. One biopsy sample revealed a poorly differentiated keratinizing and infiltrating carcinoma. Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in our region appears to be high. Countrywide studies are necessary to determine the true prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in Mexico and to examine related risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular associada ao pterígio com apresentação clínica, em um centro de referência em Oftalmologia da região central do México. Métodos: Revisamos os laudos histopatológicos e as lâminas de biópsia de todos os pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia de pterígio de 2014 a 2016 no Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, na cidade de Querétaro. Resultados: Estudamos 177 amostras de biópsia; 66% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, sendo a mediana da idade de 52 anos. Encontramos neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular em 11,29% (n=20). Uma amostra de biópsia mostrou um carcinoma queratinizante infiltrativo pouco diferenciado. Conclusões: A prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular nessa região parece ser maior do que a indicada por outras pesquisas. Mais estudos de âmbito nacional são necessários para determinar a verdadeira prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular no México e examinar os fatores de risco relacionados.

Endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin caused by Scedosporium boydii: a case report / Endoftalmitis de probable origen endógeno causada por Scedosporium boydii. Informe de un caso

Background. Mycotic ocular infections caused by the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex are challenging to treat because of the delayed diagnoses and poor responses to antifungal drugs and surgical treatment. Case report. A case of a 69-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and prior surgery on the right femur is described. In the 10 days prior to the ophthalmic consultation he started with ocular pain, adding to a previous and progressive loss of visual acuity in his right eye. The diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin was established. Despite medical treatment, the patient's condition worsened and, due to the imminent risks, an enucleation was performed. Smears of the enucleation tissue revealed fungal cells, and the cultures yielded a fungus belonging to the S. apiospermum species complex, which was identified as Scedosporium boydii by morphological characteristics and sequencing of a PCR amplicon. Conclusions. A diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin in the right eye was based on a previous right femur surgery. Potential risk to the patient led to enucleation (AU)

Antecedentes. Las infecciones micóticas oculares causadas por el complejo de especies de Scedosporium apiospermum son un reto en el tratamiento por su diagnóstico tardío y la pobre respuesta a los antimicóticos y al tratamiento quirúrgico. Caso clínico. Se describe el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 69 años con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 y cirugía previa del fémur derecho. Diez días antes de la consulta oftalmológica comenzó con dolor ocular que se sumaba a una pérdida previa y progresiva de la capacidad visual en el ojo derecho. Se estableció el diagnóstico de endoftalmitis de posible origen endógeno. A pesar del tratamiento, el paciente no presentó mejoría y por los inminentes riesgos se decidió llevar a cabo una enucleación. El frotis a partir del tejido enucleado mostró células fúngicas y los cultivos revelaron un hongo perteneciente al complejo S. apiospermum, identificado como Scedosporium boydii por procedimientos morfológicos y por secuenciación de un amplicón de PCR. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de endoftalmitis de probable origen endógeno en el ojo derecho se basó en el antecedente de una cirugía previa de fémur, cuyos riesgos para el paciente condujeron a una enucleación (AU)

Safety of intravitreal quinupristin/dalfopristin in an animal model.

AIM: To determine whether different intravitreal doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin lead to electroretinographic or histological changes in the rabbit retina over one month period after injection. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three treatment groups (groups 1 to 3) and different intravitreal doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin were tested in each group. The right eye was injected with the drug and the left eye received intravitreal injection of 5% dextrose water and served as control eye. The doses delivered to each group were 0.1 mg/0.1 mL, 1 mg/0.1 mL and 10 mg/0.1 mL. Simultaneous, bilateral, dark-adapted electroretinography and clinical images of both eyes were obtained in all groups before injection (baseline) and after 7, 14, 21 and 28d, followed by enucleation for histological examination. RESULTS: Subjects in the group 1 showed no signs of toxicity in the electroretinogram when compared with groups 2 and 3 (Kruskall-Wallis test, P=0.000). By day 7, no electrical response to light stimuli was recorded in the treated eyes in groups 2 and 3, consistent with severe damage due to retinal toxicity. Light microscopy revealed no significant histopathological changes in the group 1, while rabbits in groups 2 and 3 had signs of granulomatous inflammation in most cases. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal 0.1 mg/0.1 mL doses of quinupristin/dalfopristin do not lead to electroretinographic or histological signs of retinal toxicity compared with 1 mg/0.1 mL and 10 mg/0.1 mL in this rabbit model.

Endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin caused by Scedosporium boydii: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Mycotic ocular infections caused by the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex are challenging to treat because of the delayed diagnoses and poor responses to antifungal drugs and surgical treatment. CASE REPORT: A case of a 69-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and prior surgery on the right femur is described. In the 10 days prior to the ophthalmic consultation he started with ocular pain, adding to a previous and progressive loss of visual acuity in his right eye. The diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin was established. Despite medical treatment, the patient's condition worsened and, due to the imminent risks, an enucleation was performed. Smears of the enucleation tissue revealed fungal cells, and the cultures yielded a fungus belonging to the S. apiospermum species complex, which was identified as Scedosporium boydii by morphological characteristics and sequencing of a PCR amplicon. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin in the right eye was based on a previous right femur surgery. Potential risk to the patient led to enucleation.

Advanced conjunctival melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Conjunctival melanoma is a rare neoplasm with an aggressive behaviour characterized by a high tendency to develop recurrences and metastases. The authors describe the clinicopathological features of four Mexican patients with advanced conjunctival melanoma. METHODS: Review of the cases of four patients with advanced conjunctival melanoma seen at an ophthalmologic referral centre in Mexico City. The clinical characteristics, gross findings and histopathological features were noted. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients (two women and two men) was 72 years (range 49 to 95 years). The left eye was affected in three cases and the right eye in one. Orbital exenteration was performed in two patients, enucleation in one and complete excision of the mass in one. One patient died 2 years after debulking surgery, and another patient is alive and free of disease 13 years after enucleation; the two other patients were lost to follow-up. The mean largest mass dimension of the tumours was 4 cm (range 3-5.4 cm). Histopathologically, all cases were associated with primary acquired melanosis with atypia. Two cases were composed of epithelioid cells, one of spindle cells, and one of a mixture of epithelioid and spindle cells. In three cases the number of mitotic figures ranged from 3 to 36/10 high-power fields; no mitotic activity could be demonstrated in one case. INTERPRETATION: The mean age of our patients at the time of diagnosis was older and their tumours were larger than those reported in other series. All the cases were associated with primary acquired melanosis with atypia. At the time of writing, one patient, who had a 3.3-cm tumour, had survived 13 years without clinically detectable disease.