ABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. A chronic neurologic disease bearing the moniker of "the silent epidemic," TBI currently has no targeted therapies to ameliorate cellular loss or enhance functional recovery. Compared with those of astrocytes, microglia, and peripheral immune cells, the functions and mechanisms of NG2-glia following TBI are far less understood, despite NG2-glia comprising the largest population of regenerative cells in the mature cortex. Here, we synthesize the results from multiple rodent models of TBI, with a focus on cortical NG2-glia proliferation and lineage potential, and propose future avenues for glia researchers to address this unique cell type in TBI. As the molecular mechanisms that regulate NG2-glia regenerative potential are uncovered, we posit that future therapeutic strategies may exploit cortical NG2-glia to augment local cellular recovery following TBI.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Neuroglia , Humans , Neuroglia/metabolism , Microglia , Astrocytes , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism , Neurogenesis , Antigens/metabolismABSTRACT
Historically, approaches to measuring intellectual capital have included both conventional accounting-based measures, such as variants of the market-to-book ratio, and more progressive measures, such as the measurement of intangible assets found in approaches such as the Balanced Scorecard and Human Resource Accounting. As greater emphasis is placed on intellectual capital and its various aspects in the continually growing service and knowledge economy, the use of assessment instruments to inventory the alignment, balance, and variety of intellectual capacities and metrics that assess the effectiveness of succession planning may represent new directions in which organizations can head in the measurement of this important construct.
Subject(s)
Employee Performance Appraisal/organization & administration , Health Workforce/organization & administration , Knowledge , Marketing/organization & administration , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/organization & administration , Professional Competence/standards , Accounting/organization & administration , Communication , Creativity , Forecasting , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Intellectual Property , Models, Statistical , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Organizations tend to favor measures of near-term, tangible achievement at the expense of long-term, intangible capacities such as leadership. Succession planning, which is intimately tied to measures of leadership competencies and leadership development, suffers as a result of this tendency. Effective planning requires senior managers to be willing to invest in the measurement needed to gauge where the organization stands with respect to future leadership requirements.
