Ação de acibenzolar-s-methyl isolado e em combinação com fungicidas no manejo de doenças na cultura do feijoeiro

ABSTRACT The bean crop is affected by several diseases, most notably anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and bacterial common blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli). Thus, there is a need to develop crop management techniques aimed at their control. The present study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) alone and with fungicidal mixture on the control of these diseases in the bean crop. The treatments were ASM applied at 7, 14 or 21 DAE (days after emergence), 2 applications of ASM (7 DAE + 14 DAE or 14 DAE + 21 DAE) and 3 applications done at 7, 14 and 21 DAE. These treatments were combined with three chemical control programs: tin triphenyl hydroxide; tin triphenyl hydroxide + azoxystrobin; and azoxystrobin + difenoconazole. One application of ASM made at 7 DAE was sufficient to reduce anthracnose and bacterial common blight by 60 and 38%, respectively, increasing grain yield by 17%. However, the best results were observed when ASM and fungicides were used together. The data suggest the potential for using ASM in a program for the control of bean diseases.

RESUMO A cultura do feijoeiro é afetada por diversas doenças destacando-se a antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, e o crestamento bacteriano comum (CBC), causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito de acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) isolado e em mistura com fungicidas no controle dessas enfermidades e na produtividade do feijoeiro. Foram utilizados os tratamentos com ASM isolado aplicados aos 7, 14 ou 21 DAE (dias após emergência), ASM com duas aplicações, aos 7 e 14 DAE, aos 14 e 21 DAE; 7, 14 e 21 DAE. Estes tratamentos foram combinados a três programas de controle químico com fungicidas, sendo trifenil hidróxido de estanho, uma mistura de trifenil hidróxido de estanho + azoxystrobin e azoxystrobin + difenoconazole. Uma aplicação de ASM realizada aos 7 DAE foi suficiente para promover redução de 60 e 38% na severidade de antracnose e de CBC, respectivamente, bem como incremento de 17% na produtividade da cultura. No entanto, as melhores respostas foram obtidas quando indutor e fungicidas foram combinados. Os dados sugerem o potencial de utilização do ASM em programas de controle de doenças na cultura do feijoeiro.

Determination of normative criteria and validation of the SKT for use in Spanish-speaking populations.

Most of the tests, questionnaires, and neuropsychological batteries for the assessment of dementia have been translated and adapted for use in the Hispanic population without having normative data, which results in a high number of false positives when age and educational level are not considered. The Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT) is a psychometric instrument evaluating memory and attention deficits that has been developed and standardized in Germany (Erzigkeit, 1989a, 1989b). The objective of this study was to adapt the SKT, to establish normative criteria that take into consideration age and educational level, and to establish its concurrent validity in comparison to other neuropsychological tests: Brief Neuropsychological Evaluation for Spanish-Speaking Subjects (Ostrosky-Solis et al., 1994), the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al., 1975), and the Blessed Functional Scale (Blessed et al., 1968) in 238 neurologically intact subjects and 97 subjects with mild to moderate dementia. The SKT showed adequate sensitivity (80.5%) and specificity (80.3%) in subjects with medium and high educational level; however, the sensitivity and specificity diminished (75% and 56.7%) in subjects with no education or low educational level. The adapted and validated version of the SKT in the Mexican population has been shown to be a psychometric instrument that in subjects with medium educational level can detect cognitive alterations and is able to determine the severity of deterioration; however, in subjects with low educational level and severe dementia, the SKT cannot be usefully administered.

Effect of the menstrual cycle in ethanol pharmacokinetics.

Differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics within the menstrual cycle have previously been reported and attributed to variations in body composition, hormonal influences and gastric emptying. To establish the role of the menstrual cycle in ethanol pharmacokinetics associated with changes in body composition, ethanol blood concentrations were measured in nine healthy women during the midfollicular (P1, days 8-10) and midluteal (P2, days 22-24) phases of the menstrual cycle after a postprandial oral ethanol dose (0.3 g kg(-1)). Total body water was assessed by dual-energy x-ray densitometry (DEXA) on both occasions. Median total body water did not vary during either phase of the menstrual cycle (P1 = 54.54%, P2 = 54.66%; P = 0.9296). Median area under the ethanol concentration-time curve (AUC) was lower during P1 (215.33 mg.h dl(-1)) than during P2 (231.33 mg.h dl(-1))(P = 0.8253). No significant differences were found on ethanol pharmacokinetics in either phase of the menstrual cycle.

[Clinical characteristics and endoscopic-histologic correlation in patients with chronic non-specific ulcerative colitis]. / Características clínicas y correlación endoscópico-histológica en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa crónica inespecífica.

UNLABELLED: Our objective was to evaluate prospectively, objectively and in a systematic way the evaluation of patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) with moderate activity. We studied 14 outpatients, who were evaluated for an experimental therapeutic protocol. The activity of the disease was established using clinical, endoscopic and histologic parameters. The Kappa Index (K) was used for statistical analysis. The average number of bowel movements was 4/day; rectal bleeding and urgency were found in 100%, diarrhea in 78% and abdominal pain in 64%. The severity of rectal bleeding and urgency was graded II or III in 92% and 78% respectively. The correlation between endoscopy and histology (K = 0.55), and between clinical and endoscopy (K = 0.45) was moderate. There was no correlation between clinical and histological parameters. IN CONCLUSION: the variability of symptoms impairs the clinical evaluation as the unique method to determine the activity of UC and to take therapeutical decisions is necessary to perform a endoscopic/histology correlation.

[Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis, with negative antimitochondrial antibodies]. / Prevalencia de anticuerpos antinucleares en cirrosis biliar primaria, con anticuerpos antimitocondriales negativos.

Recently it has been described in the literature a subpopulation of PBC patients with negative AMA that might represent patients with ANA positive autoimmune cholangitis. We review 25 cases of PBC (23 females) with AMA negative. Our aim was to determine the frequency of ANA(+) in this group. We studied serum transaminases, total bilirubin, AMA and ANA by indirect immunofluorescence considering positive dilutions of 1:40. All patients had elevated alkaline phosphatase (641 +/- 389 U/l). Total bilirubin was below 2.5 in 59%. Thirteen patients had esophageal varices. The histologic stage was I-II in eleven and III-IV in 14 cases. Fourteen patients (56%) has ANA(+) (dilution 1:40), 44% had lower dilutions. We confirm the presence of a subpopulation of PBC AMA negative, ANA positive patients and the observations of different and diverse immune alterations in PBC patients.