Empty body chemical composition of Nellore steers at different feeding levels estimated by indirect methods

Thirty-six Nellore steers at 20 months of age on average and initial body weight of 360 kg, fed ad libitum for 78 days and two levels of feed restriction for 58 days and posterior ad libitum feeding for 78 days were used to estimate body composition using the methods of indirect deuterium oxide or the 9th-10th-11thribs cut. The body water content was calculated with equations established for Nellore steers. The chemical body composition was different for the ether extract content. The animals subjected to feed restriction presented higher body fat content when estimated by deuterium than by the rib cut. The deuterium oxide or 9th-10th-11thribs cut methods used for body composition determination were effective to estimate body contents for animals fed ad libitum, however, not for animals on feed restriction. Comparatively, the indirect method of deuterium oxide was better than the 9th-10th-11thribs cut method to estimate body composition in Nellore steers submitted to feed restriction; however, both methods were similar in animals fed ad libitum.(AU)

Empty body chemical composition of Nellore steers at different feeding levels estimated by indirect methods

Thirty-six Nellore steers at 20 months of age on average and initial body weight of 360 kg, fed ad libitum for 78 days and two levels of feed restriction for 58 days and posterior ad libitum feeding for 78 days were used to estimate body composition using the methods of indirect deuterium oxide or the 9th-10th-11thribs cut. The body water content was calculated with equations established for Nellore steers. The chemical body composition was different for the ether extract content. The animals subjected to feed restriction presented higher body fat content when estimated by deuterium than by the rib cut. The deuterium oxide or 9th-10th-11thribs cut methods used for body composition determination were effective to estimate body contents for animals fed ad libitum, however, not for animals on feed restriction. Comparatively, the indirect method of deuterium oxide was better than the 9th-10th-11thribs cut method to estimate body composition in Nellore steers submitted to feed restriction; however, both methods were similar in animals fed ad libitum.

Energy and protein requirements for Nellore steers estimated with the deuterium oxide marker

The aim of this study was determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain of Nellore steers. Thirty six Nellore steers with an average weight and age of 359±13 kg and 20 months at the beginning of the trial were individually fed for 56. The steers were fed the same diet (76.43% TDN and 13.62% CP) in three levels of dry matter (DM) intake, ad libitum, 75 g DM/kg BW0.75 and 60 g DM/kg BW0.75. The initial and final body composition was estimated with the marker deuterium oxide that allowed repeated water estimate in the same animal. Deuterium in blood samples was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of intake levels, comparison of intercept and slope among feeding level, and equations were evaluated by the analysis of variance, adopting P<0.05 as a significant level. The net energy for maintenance was 75 kcal/kg EBW 0.75 or 70 kcal/kg BW 0.75. The net energy for gain for steers with 350 to 450 kg weight was 5.1 to 6.1Mcal. The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance, km, was 0.7492 and for weight gain, kg, was 0.3404. The metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance was 4.32 * BW0.75and the net protein for gain was estimated with the equation NPg= (254.68*EBWG) (29.38*RE). The technique of deuterium oxide marker used to estimate energy and protein requirement for maintenance and weight gain at Nellore steers confirm the hypothesis presented in NRC, that NEmis lower than the requirement for taurine cattle. On the other hand, the reverse was true for the NP requirement for maintenance and for weight gain. We consider that indirect method using D2O for estimate body composition in zebu cattle was suitable to determine nutrient requirements.(AU)

Energy and protein requirements for Nellore steers estimated with the deuterium oxide marker

The aim of this study was determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain of Nellore steers. Thirty six Nellore steers with an average weight and age of 359±13 kg and 20 months at the beginning of the trial were individually fed for 56. The steers were fed the same diet (76.43% TDN and 13.62% CP) in three levels of dry matter (DM) intake, ad libitum, 75 g DM/kg BW0.75 and 60 g DM/kg BW0.75. The initial and final body composition was estimated with the marker deuterium oxide that allowed repeated water estimate in the same animal. Deuterium in blood samples was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of intake levels, comparison of intercept and slope among feeding level, and equations were evaluated by the analysis of variance, adopting P<0.05 as a significant level. The net energy for maintenance was 75 kcal/kg EBW 0.75 or 70 kcal/kg BW 0.75. The net energy for gain for steers with 350 to 450 kg weight was 5.1 to 6.1Mcal. The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance, km, was 0.7492 and for weight gain, kg, was 0.3404. The metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance was 4.32 * BW0.75and the net protein for gain was estimated with the equation NPg= (254.68*EBWG) – (29.38*RE). The technique of deuterium oxide marker used to estimate energy and protein requirement for maintenance and weight gain at Nellore steers confirm the hypothesis presented in NRC, that NEmis lower than the requirement for taurine cattle. On the other hand, the reverse was true for the NP requirement for maintenance and for weight gain. We consider that indirect method using D2O for estimate body composition in zebu cattle was suitable to determine nutrient requirements.

Substituição do farelo de soja por fontes de nitrogênio não-protéico em bovinos Nelore / Replacement of soybean meal for non protein nitrogen on Nellore steers

Capítulo 2: Estudos vêm sendo realizados na tentativa de se avaliar os efeitos da manipulação da nutrição protéica, devido à sua importância no metabolismo e desempenho de bovinos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a melhor fonte de nitrogênio não-proteico (uréia, uréia de liberação lenta ou a combinação destas) em substituição parcial ao farelo de soja sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos Nelore em terminação. Quarenta e seis novilhos Nelore (313,30 ± 22,62 kg) foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos e confinados em baias individuais por 74 dias. As dietas foram formuladas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com os seguintes tratamentos: 1)Controle: composta por 12% de farelo de soja, 2)Uréia: com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia, 3)Optigen: com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia de liberação lenta e 4)Uréia e Optigen: com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia e uréia de liberação lenta, tendo como volumoso o bagaço e a silagem de cana totalizando 21,5% da MS. Não foram verificados efeitos das dietas (P>0,05) no peso vivo final, ganho médio diário, consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar, características de carcaça e qualidade de carne. A substituição parcial do farelo de soja pelas fontes de NNP (uréia e uréia de liberação lenta) proporcionou desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne semelhantes. -- Capítulo 3: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a melhor fonte de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), (uréia, uréia de liberação lenta ou a combinação destas) para a substituição parcial ao farelo de soja, avaliando seus efeitos na fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade aparente total, produção de proteína microbiana, contagem de microrganismos ruminais e parâmetros sanguíneos de bovinos Nelore. Para tanto, quatro novilhos Nelore com cânulas ruminais (PV 407,1 ± 11,7 kg) foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino (4×4) durante quatro períodos de 21 dias. As dietas foram formuladas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com os seguintes tratamentos: 1)Controle (CTL): composta por 12% de farelo de soja, 2)Uréia (U): com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia, 3)Optigen (O): com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia de liberação lenta e 4)Uréia e Optigen (UO): com a substituição de 6 % da proteína do farelo de soja por uréia e uréia de liberação lenta, tendo como volumoso o bagaço e a silagem de cana totalizando 21,5% da MS. Não foi observado efeito das dietas experimentais (P>0,05) no consumo de nutrientes e digestibilidade aparente total, com exceção do consumo de extrato etéreo que foi maior nos animais alimentados com as fontes de NNP (U:0,19, O:0,20 e UO:0,19...

Chapter 1: Severalevaluate the effects of protein nutritional manipulation due to its importance to ruminant metabolism and performance. This study aimed to identify the best source of non protein nitrogen (urea, slow releasing urea and their combination) for the partial replacement of soybean meal, and its effect on the animal performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Forty-six Nellore steers (BW 313.30 ± 22.62 kg) were allotted in a randomized block design and fed in individual pens for 74 days. Steers were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets as follows: 1)Control (CTL): 12% of soybean meal 2)Urea (U): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for urea, 3)Optigen (O): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for slow releasing urea and 4)Urea and Optigen (UO): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for urea and slow releasing urea, with 21.5% of the total DM of sugarcane silage and bagasse as roughage. No differences (P>0,05) in final body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, carcass traits and meat quality were found among steers fed with the dietary treatments. The partial replacement of soybean meal by NPN sources (urea and slow releasing urea) had animal performance, carcass traits and meat quality similar to the control. -- Chapter 2: This study aimed to identify the best source of non protein nitrogen (urea, slow releasing urea and their combination) for the partial replacement of soybean meal, and its effect on the ruminal fermentation, total apparent digestibility, microbial protein production, ruminal microorganisms and blood parameters in Nelore steers. Four Nelore steers (BW 407,1 ± 11,7 kg) with ruminal canulas were alloted in a (4×4) square design for four 21 days periods. Steers were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets as follows: 1)Control (CTL): 12% of soybean meal 2)Urea (U): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for urea, 3)Optigen (O): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for slow releasing urea and 4)Urea and Optigen (UO): the replacement of 6% of soybean meal protein for urea and slow releasing urea, with 21.5% of the total DM of sugarcane silage and bagasse as roughage. There was no effect of experimental diets (P>0.05) on nutrient intake and total apparent digestibility, but ether extract intake was higher in animals fed NPN diets (U:0.19, O:0.20 e UO:0.19 kg/d) when compared to the CTL diet (0.17 kg/d). The ruminal ammonia N concentration and the ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were similar among the diets. Therefore, the animals fed the CTL diet had increased (P=0.017) ruminal pH (6.81) when compared to the NPN diets (U:6.64, O:6.63 e UO:6.76). The NPN diets provided more protozoa than the CTL diet. (P<0.001). It was observed a compared to the CTL diet. The CTL diet had hi...