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1.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 146(3-4): 225-36, 2012 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22484239

ABSTRACT

Cells expressing CD4, CD8, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II, and macrophage biomarkers in lungs of chickens were quantified by measuring total area of antigen expressed using imageJ, a software program developed at the National Institutes of Health and available at no cost. The procedures reported here were rapid, and reproducible. Total area of antigen expressed had positive correlation with manual counts of cells expressing CD4 and CD8 biomarkers after inoculation with serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccines. Visual inspection and overlays prepared from outlines of cells counted by imageJ confirmed agreement between antigen expression and area measured. Total area measured was not dependent on time of image acquisition from randomly selected fields from the same slides. Total area values were not computer specific, but acquisition of the original images required standardization of microscope used and camera setup. All steps in the process from sample collection through sectioning, staining, and image acquisition must be standardized as much as possible. Chickens infected with a very virulent+ (vv(+)) isolate of MDV (648A) had increased CD4, CD8, MHC Class II, and macrophage biomarker expression compared to noninfected control chickens at 10 days post infection, but variable responses depending on the specific biomarker measured at 3 and 5 days post infection. The procedure described here is faster and more reproducible than manual counting in cases (CD4 and CD8) where the number of positive cells is low enough for manual counts. Manual counting is not possible with MHC Class II and macrophage antigens nor when CD4(+) cells are present in large numbers following proliferation to tumors, thus subjective systems are used for scoring in these conditions. Using imageJ as described eliminates the need for subjective and less reproducible methods for measuring expression of these antigens.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/immunology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Lung Diseases/veterinary , Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology , Marek Disease/immunology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Animals , Antigens, Viral/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics , Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/standards , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Lung Diseases/immunology , Macrophages, Alveolar/chemistry , Marek Disease/diagnosis , Marek Disease/virology , Poultry Diseases/diagnosis , Poultry Diseases/immunology , RNA, Viral/chemistry , RNA, Viral/genetics , Random Allocation , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Retrospective Studies , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 29(2): 232-243, jun. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-544520

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Aunque la transfusión de componentes sanguíneos es una terapia ampliamente utilizada, representa un riesgo de transmisión de agentes infecciosos. Objetivo. Como parte de la iniciativa sobre sangre segura promovida por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, se realizó un estudio para estimar la seroprevalencia de infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y virus de la hepatitis B en pacientes con múltiples transfusiones en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Entre febrero y septiembre de 2003, se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de 500 pacientes con múltiples transfusiones, seleccionados en cuatro hospitales de las ciudades de Bogotá y Medellín. Las muestras de suero obtenidas se analizaron por inmunoensayo con estuches comerciales. Resultados. La frecuencia de seropositividad para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana fue de 1,8%, (IC95% 0,5-3,1). La frecuencia de seropositividad para el virus de la hepatitis B fue de 18,6% (IC95% 15,1-22,1). Los principales factores de riesgo fueron: recibir más de 48 unidades de sangre o componentes, tener diagnóstico de hemofilia, recibir transfusiones por un período mayor de un año, recibir sangre total, tener coinfección por virus de la hepatitis C y haber sido transfundido antes de 1993. Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio epidemiológico realizado en Colombia con un número significativo de pacientes con múltiples transfusiones. El hallazgo más relevante es la elevada prevalencia de infección por virus de la hepatitis B y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana observado en la población de hemofílicos, comparado con los otros cuatro grupos de pacientes con múltiples transfusiones.


Introduction. Although the transfusion of blood products is a common therapy, it carries risk of transmission of infections, especially hepatitus B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective. As part of the blood safety initiative, the Pan American Health Organization supported studies to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection in Colombia. Materials and methods. Between February and September 2003, a cross sectional study examined 500 multiply-transfused patients at four hospital centers in the cities of Bogotá and Medellín. The serum samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using commercial kits. Results. The seroprevalence of HIV infection was 1.8% (CI 95% 0.5-3.1). The seroprevalence of HBV infection was 18.6% (CI 95% 15.1-22.1). Six risk factors were associated with HIV and HBV infection: (1) receiving more than 48 units of blood or blood components, (2) diagnosis of hemophilia, (3) receiving transfusions for more than one year, (4) receiving whole blood, (5) co-infection with hepatitis C virus and (6) receiving transfusions before 1993. Conclusions. This is the first epidemiological study with a significant sample size performed in multiply-transfused patients in Colombia. The principal finding was the high prevalence of HBV and HIV infection in patients with diagnosis of hemophilia compared with the other five groups of multiply-transfused patients.


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion , Hepatitis B virus , HIV , Risk Factors , Colombia
3.
Biomedica ; 29(2): 232-43, 2009 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20128348

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Although the transfusion of blood products is a common therapy, it carries risk of transmission of infections, especially hepatitus B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVE: As part of the blood safety initiative, the Pan American Health Organization supported studies to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February and September 2003, a cross sectional study examined 500 multiply-transfused patients at four hospital centers in the cities of Bogota and Medellin. The serum samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using commercial kits. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of HIV infection was 1.8% (CI 95% 0.5-3.1). The seroprevalence of HBV infection was 18.6% (CI 95% 15.1-22.1). Six risk factors were associated with HIV and HBV infection: (1) receiving more than 48 units of blood or blood components, (2) diagnosis of hemophilia, (3) receiving transfusions for more than one year, (4) receiving whole blood, (5) coinfection with hepatitis C virus and (6) receiving transfusions before 1993. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first epidemiological study with a significant sample size performed in multiply-transfused patients in Colombia. The principal finding was the high prevalence of HBV and HIV infection in patients with diagnosis of hemophilia compared with the other five groups of multiply-transfused patients.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Transfusion Reaction , Blood Transfusion/statistics & numerical data , Colombia , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections/transmission , Hemoglobinopathies/epidemiology , Hemoglobinopathies/therapy , Hemophilia A/epidemiology , Hemophilia A/therapy , Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Hemorrhage/therapy , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Neoplasms/therapy , Renal Dialysis , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies
4.
J Clin Virol ; 34 Suppl 2: S33-8, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16461238

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem worldwide, with particular relevance in multi-transfused patients given that HCV is principally transmitted by exposure to infected blood. STUDY DESIGN: Between February and September 2003 a cross-sectional study was carried out in four hospital centres in Bogotá and Medellin, Colombia, to determine the risk factors for HCV infection in 500 multi-transfused patients. RESULTS: The study population was distributed in five groups: haemophilia, haemodyalsis, acute bleeding, ontological illnesses and sickle cell disease or thalassemia. Serum samples from patients were tested for HCV antibodies (Asxym, Abbott). An overall prevalence (9.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4-11.6) (45/500) of HCV infection was found. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 32.2% of patients with haemophilia, 6.1% of patients undergoing haemodialysis, 7.1% of patients with sickle cell disease or thalassemia, 2.6% of patients with acute bleeding and 3.4% of patients with ontological or hematological diseases. The main risk factors associated with infection by HCV were: to be hemophilic (odds ratio, OR = 18.03; 95% Cl: 3.96-114.17), having received transfusions before 1995 (OR = 12.27; 95% Cl: 5.57-27.69), and having received more than 48 units of blood components (OR = 6.08; 95% CI: 3.06-12.1). In the multivariate analysis, only the year of transfusions (before 1995) remained significantly associated with risk of infection by HCV. CONCLUSIONS: The data show a 3-fold reduction in the infection risk between 1993 and 1995, when the serological screening for HCV in blood donors was being introduced. A reduction greater than 90% was achieved by 1995 when the screening coverage reached 99%.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell , Hemophilia A , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Renal Dialysis , Transfusion Reaction , Adult , Colombia/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Female , Hepatitis C/transmission , Hospitals , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies
5.
Rev. colomb. cancerol ; 7(4): 12-17, dic. 2003. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-363829

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Colombia es un país considerado endémico para la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B. En el Instituto Nacional de Cancerologí de Colombia un gran número de niños sobrevivientes al cáncer se convirtieron en positivos para el antígeno de superficie del virus de la hepatitis B (HBsAg). Esto motivó el inicio de un programa preventivo que incluía la vacunación de todos los pacientes menores de dieciocho años. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta inmune de la vacunación contra el virus de la hepatitis B en pacientes que reciben quimioterapia, comparar la eficacia de la vacuna en pacientes con tumores sólidos y evaluar la seroprotección después de cada dosis. Materiales y métodos: entre abril de 1996 y abril de 1997, ochenta niños con diagnóstico de cáncer y serogenativo para hepatitis B recibieron vacuna recombinante, 20 microgramos los que pesaban menos de 20 kilográmos y 40microgramos los de mayor peso, en los días 0,30 y 60. Definimos así la seroproteción: títulos de AntiHBs de 10mUI/ml o más. Se extrajo una muestra de sangre al hacer el diagnóstico, antes de cada dosis, al mes, a los seis y doce meses después de la última dosis. Resultados:la eficiencia fue del 17por ciento, del 34 por ciento y del 38 por ciento después de la primera, la seguna y la tercera dosis, respectivamente. de 37 pacientes que había en el grupo 1, de doce (32 por ciento) lograron seroprotección, mientras 18 de 43 (41 por ciento) niños que había en el grupo 2 alcanzaron títulos protectores. La diferencia entre los grupos 1 y 2 no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,338) Conclusión:los niños enfermos de cáncer tratados con quimioterapía muestran una menor respuesta a la vacuna contra la hepatitis B. Los resultados son todavía insatisfactorios, pero esperamos mejorarlos intensificando el esquema de vacunación en el futuro. Conclusión: Los niños enfermos de cáncer tratados con quimioterapía muestran una menor respuesta a la vacuna contra la hepatitis B . Los resultados son todav1a insatisfactorios, esperamos mejorarlos intensificando el esquema de vacunación en el futuro


Subject(s)
Child , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B Vaccines , Neoplasms
6.
Distúrb. comun ; 14(2): 211-235, jun. 2003. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-350624

ABSTRACT

Visa verificar se pacientes idosos acompanhados em ambulatório, com diagóstico de desnutriçäo, apresentam também dificuldades de deglutiçäo. Para tanto, nove idosos desnutridos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 64 e 86 anos, foram submetidos a avaliaçäo fonoaudiológica específica para identificaçäo de alteraçöes em fase oral de deglutiçäo. Concluiu-se que idosos desnutridos säo mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de alteraçöes de deglutiçäo, necessitando da atuaçäo conjunta de nutricionistas e fonoaudiólogos para que as dificuldades presentes sejam sanadas, prevenindo o aparecimento de outras alteraçöes e garantindo a melhoria da qualidade de vida


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged , Deglutition Disorders/diagnosis , Diet
8.
Distúrb. comun ; 13(1): 109-143, 2001. graf
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-19768

ABSTRACT

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as condutas fonoaudiológicas estabelecidas no início da internação do paciente e relatar as modificações realizadas nestas condutas ao longo desta hospitalização. Para isso, foram estudados 63 pacientes, com variação de idade de 61 a 95 anos, os quais estiveram internados na enfermaria de geriatria entre o período de fevereiro a julho de 2000. Foram verificadas as condutas fonoaudiológicas iniciais estabelecidas (via alimentar, consistência da dieta, dependência alimentar, higiene oral, posicionamento durante a alimentação e estimulação miofuncional), as modificações realizadas nestas condutas e seus motivos e a história de pneumonia aspirativa antes e durante a internação. A ausência de pneumonia aspirativa dos pacientes estudados pode indicar afetividade no acompanhamento fonoaudiológico, que associado à atuação interdisciplinar, pode minimizar complicações e melhorar a qualidade de vida durante e após a internação (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Pneumonia, Aspiration , Geriatric Nursing
9.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 32(6): 388-92, nov.-dic. 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-27955

ABSTRACT

Entre los meses de mayo y diciembre de 1983 se estudió un grupo de 308 pacientes con sintomatología respiratoria, mayores de 15 años, que consultaron por primera vez en el Consultorio Renca, establecimiento de atención primaria que depende del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente. Los principales objetivos fueron efectuar un análisis de las características de la sintomatología respiratoria, conocer la frecuencia con que ésta se presenta entre los consultantes adultos e investigar la cantidad de pacientes tuberculosos en la muestra. Cada enfermo fue sometido a una encuesta previamente elaborada y, además se le solicitó dos muestras de expectoración para baciloscopias. La tasa de sintomáticos respiratorios fue de 16% aproximadamente, cifra que alcanzó el 21% durante los meses de junio y julio y descendió a 7,9% en noviembro y diciembre. En los adolescentes y adultos hasta los 39 años de edad se observó la más alta tasa de sintomáticos respiratorios, 1,68% por año de edad, la que sólo alcanzó a 0,8% en pacientes mayores, hechos que fueron independientes del sexo. El síntoma predominante fue tos con expectoración y constituyó el motivo principal de consulta en el 40% de los casos. Sólo el 50% de los pacientes entregó las dos muestras para expectoración, lo que sugiere la necesidad de enfatizar la importancia de este examen al solicitarlo. No se detectó tuberculosis en el grupo estudiado, lo que podría explicarse por la magnitud de la muestra y su procedencia de un lugar geográficamente muy circunscrito, sin riesgo particularmente alto


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Chile , Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis , Sputum/analysis
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