ABSTRACT
The present study shows a novel copolymer synthesis, its application in the membrane design and the physicochemical and biological characterization of the biomaterial obtained. Terpolymer starting diisopropyl fumarate (F), vinyl benzoate (V) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (H) was prepared by thermal radical polymerization. This polymer (FVH) was obtained in several monomer ratios and characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods (FTIR, 1 H-NMR and SEC). The best relationship of F:V:H was 5:4:1, which allows efficient interaction with chitosan through cross-linking with borax to achieve scaffolds for potential biomedical applications. The membranes were obtained by solvent casting and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling behavior and mechanical properties. In addition, we studied the possible cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of these materials using a murine macrophage-like cell line (RAW 264.7) and bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells (BMPC), respectively, taking into account their intended applications. The results of this study show that the terpolymer obtained and its combination with a natural polymer is a very interesting strategy to obtain a biomaterial with possible applications in regenerative medicine and this could be extended to other structurally related systems.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials , Chitosan , Animals , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology , Chitosan/chemistry , Mice , Polymers/chemistry , Polymers/pharmacology , Tissue Engineering/methods , Tissue Scaffolds/chemistryABSTRACT
In the tissue engineering field, the design of the scaffold inspired on the natural occurring tissue is of vital importance. Ideally, the scaffold surface must promote cell growth and differentiation, while promote angiogenesis in the in vivo implant of the scaffold. On the other hand, the material selection must be biocompatible and the degradation times should meet tissue reparation times. In the present work, we developed a nanofibrous scaffold based on chitosan crosslinked with diisopropylfumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. We have previously demonstrated its biocompatibility properties with low cytotoxicity and proper degradation times. Now, we extended our studies to demonstrate that it can be successfully nanostructured using the AAO templates methodology, obtaining a nanorod-like scaffold with a diameter comparable to those of collagen fibers of the bone matrix (170 and 300 nm). The nanorods obtained presented a very homogeneous pattern in diameter and length, and supports cell attachment and growth. We also found that both osteoblastic and chondroblastic matrix production were promoted on bone marrow progenitor cells and primary condrocytes growing on the scaffolds, respectively. In addition, the nanostructured scaffold presented no cytotoxicity as it was evaluated using a model of macrophages on culture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 570-579, 2018.
Subject(s)
Chitosan/chemistry , Chondrogenesis , Fumarates/chemistry , Nanostructures/chemistry , Osteogenesis , Polymers/chemistry , Regeneration , Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Animals , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Cell Death , Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry , Electrodes , Mice , Nanofibers/chemistry , Nanofibers/ultrastructure , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Polymers/chemical synthesis , RAW 264.7 Cells , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Thermogravimetry , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Natural and synthetic cross-linked polymers allow the improvement of cytocompatibility and mechanical properties of the individual polymers. In osteochondral lesions of big size it will be required the use of scaffolds to repair the lesion. In this work a borax cross-linked scaffold based on fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer and chitosan directed to osteochondrondral tissue engineering is developed. The cross-linked scaffolds and physical blends of the polymers are analyzed in based on their morphology, glass transition temperature, and mechanical properties. In addition, the stability, degradation behavior, and the swelling kinetics are studied. The results demonstrate that the borax cross-linked scaffold exhibits hydrogel behavior with appropriated mechanical properties for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration. Bone marrow progenitor cells and primary chondrocytes are used to demonstrate its osteo- and chondrogenic properties, respectively, assessing the osteo- and chondroblastic growth and maturation, without evident signs of cytotoxicity as it is evaluated in an in vitro system.
