[Incidence of phlebitis due to peripherally inserted venous catheters: impact of a catheter management protocol]. / Incidencia de flebitis secundaria por catéter venoso de acceso periférico e impacto de un protocolo de manejo.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact on the incidence of PPIVC by implementing a catheter management protocol and to determine risk factors for PPIVC development in hospitalized patients. METHOD: A total of 3978 episodes of venous catheterization were prospectively included from September 2002 to December 2007. A catheter management protocol was implemented during this period of time. The incidence and variables associated to the occurrence of PPIVC were determined. RESULTS: The incidence of PPIVC from 2002 to 2007 was 4.8%, 4.3%, 3.6%, 2.5%, 1.3% and 1.8% (p<0.001). Perfusion of amiodarone [adjusted OR (AOR) 25.97; 95% CI=7.29-92.55, p=0.0001] and cefotaxime (AOR 2.90; 95% CI=1.29-6.52, p=0.01) and the shift when the catheters were placed (AOR for morning vs. night shift 0.60; 95% CI=0.35-1.02, p=0.063) were independently associated to the development of PPIVC. A history of phlebitis was the only factor independently associated to phlebitis due to peripherally inserted central venous catheters (AOR 3.24; CI at 95% CI= 1.05-9.98, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: A catheter management protocol decreases the incidence of PPIVC in hospitalized patients. The risk of PPIVC increases for peripherally inserted central venous catheters when the patients have a history of phlebitis and for peripheral venous catheters when amiodarone or cefotaxime are infused. Catheterization of peripheral veins performed during morning shifts is associated with a lower incidence of PPIVC when compared with night shift catheterizations.

Modificación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico en las primeras 72 horas de hospitalización / Modification of empirical antimicrobial regimen during the first 72 hours of hospitalisation

Objetivo: Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron describir la modificación que se realiza de la antibioterapia empírica indicada a los pacientes ingresados desde el área de urgencias en los primeros días de estancia en la planta de hospitalización y conocer las características de dicho tratamiento antibiótico. Método: Estudio prospectivo y observacional en el que se incluyó a pacientes mayores de 14 años que ingresaron desde el área de urgencias con al menos un antibiótico prescrito y tuvieron una hospitalización de al menos 72 h. Se realizó un seguimiento diario de cada caso durante los primeros 3 días de hospitalización, documentando el tipo de infección diagnosticada, los datos microbiológicos y la antibioterapia empírica prescrita y sus modificaciones. Resultados: Se incluyó a 225 pacientes. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron infección respiratoria, neumonía e infección de la piel y los tejidos blandos, y los antibióticos más empleados fueron amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, levofloxacino y cefalosporinas de tercera generación. Se solicitó al menos un tipo de muestra microbiológica a 80 enfermos (36%). De las 225 pautas antibióticas prescritas en urgencias, 94 (42%) fueron modificadas durante las primeras 72 h de hospitalización: 37 (16%) pautas se cambiaron por completo, 31 (14%) se suspendieron totalmente y en 26 (12%) se añadió o suspendió algún antimicrobiano, aunque sólo en 40 de ellas (42%) se dispuso de cultivos para dirigir el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La frecuencia con la que las pautas antimicrobianas prescritas en urgencias se modificaron durante los primeros días de estancia en la planta de hospitalización es elevada, y destaca la escasa utilización de los resultados microbiológicos para realizar estos cambios (AU)

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the empirical antibiotic therapy used in patients admitted to the Emergency Department who were later hospitalised, and to describe the antibiotic changes during their first days of hospitalisation. Method: All 14-year-old patients admitted to the Emergency Department who were started on antibiotic therapy and subsequently were hospitalised for at least 72 hours in an in-patient hospital ward, were included in a prospective observational study. Patients underwent daily follow-up during the first three days of hospitalisation. The type of infection, microbiological data and empirical antibiotic therapy and its changes were registered. Results: 225 patients were included in this study. The most frequent types of infection diagnosed were infection of the respiratory airways, pneumonia and skin and soft-tissue infection. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the most widely prescribed antibiotic followed bylevofloxacin and third generation cephalosporins. Microbiological samples were taken in 80 (36%) patients. Of the 225 antimicrobial regimens started in the Emergency Department, 94 (42%) were changed during the first 72 hours of hospitalisation: 37 (16%) were completely modified, 31 (14%) were discontinued and antibiotics were added or stopped from the existing regimen in 26 cases(12%). Among these 94 patients whose treatment was changed, only in 40 (42%) there was a microbiological result for aiding in the adjustment of the antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: The frequency of early changes during inpatient hospitalisation to antimicrobial regimens which were initially prescribed in the Emergency Department is high. Microbiological results were rarely used to guide these changes (AU)

[Modification of empirical antimicrobial regimen during the first 72 hours of hospitalisation]. / Modificación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico en las primeras 72 horas de hospitalización.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the empirical antibiotic therapy used in patients admitted to the Emergency Department who were later hospitalised, and to describe the antibiotic changes during their first days of hospitalisation. METHOD: All 14-year-old patients admitted to the Emergency Department who were started on antibiotic therapy and subsequently were hospitalised for at least 72 hours in an in-patient hospital ward, were included in a prospective observational study. Patients underwent daily follow-up during the first three days of hospitalisation. The type of infection, microbiological data and empirical antibiotic therapy and its changes were registered. RESULTS: 225 patients were included in this study. The most frequent types of infection diagnosed were infection of the respiratory airways, pneumonia and skin and soft-tissue infection. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the most widely prescribed antibiotic followed by levofloxacin and third generation cephalosporins. Microbiological samples were taken in 80 (36%) patients. Of the 225 antimicrobial regimens started in the Emergency Department, 94 (42%) were changed during the first 72 hours of hospitalisation: 37 (16%) were completely modified, 31 (14%) were discontinued and antibiotics were added or stopped from the existing regimen in 26 cases (12%). Among these 94 patients whose treatment was changed, only in 40 (42%) there was a microbiological result for aiding in the adjustment of the antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSION: The frequency of early changes during inpatient hospitalisation to antimicrobial regimens which were initially prescribed in the Emergency Department is high. Microbiological results were rarely used to guide these changes.

Meningitis aguda en pacientes con antecedente de traumatismo craneoencefálico / Acute meningitis in patients with history of previous craneo-encephalic trauma

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Síndrome de hipersensibilidad y fármacos antirretrovirales: descripción de dos casos / Drugs surveillance: hypersensitivity syndrome and antiretroviral drugs: report of two cases

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[Bilateral avascular necrosis of the femur head in an HIV-positive male]. / Necrosis avascular bilateral de cabeza femoral en un varón VIH positivo.

We present a case of bilateral avascular necrosis at the hips of a HIV-positive male, without other predisposing antecedents. The only relevant analytic data was the positivity of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL AB). We discuss the possibility that both in this case as in those previously described, HIV may have played a main role in the development of osteonecrosis.