ABSTRACT
Understanding the recovery of whale populations is critical for developing population-management and conservation strategies. The southern right whale (SRW) Eubalena australis was one of the baleen whale species that has experienced centuries of exploitation. We assess here for the first time the population dynamics of the SRW from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean at the regional level to measure numerically the effect of whaling and estimate the population trend and recovery level after depletion. We reconstructed the catch history of whaling for the period 1670-1973 by an extensive review of different literature sources and developed a Bayesian state-space model to estimate the demographic parameters. The population trajectory indicated that the pre-exploitation abundance was close to 58,000 individuals (median = 58,212; 95% CI = 33,329-100,920). The abundance dropped to its lowest abundance levels in the 1830s when fewer than 2,000 individuals remained. The current median population abundance was estimated at 4,742 whales (95% CI = 3,853-6,013), suggesting that the SRW population remains small relative to its pre-exploitation abundance (median depletion P2021 8.7%). We estimated that close to 36% of the SRW population visits the waters of the Península Valdés, the main breeding ground, every year. Our results provide insights into the severity of the whaling operation in the southwestern Atlantic along with the population´s response at low densities, thus contributing to understand the observed differences in population trends over the distributional range of the species worldwide.
Subject(s)
Whales , Animals , Atlantic Ocean , Bayes Theorem , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In 2013, more than 30,000 prostate biopsies have been performed in France. Bleeding complications are not rare. It imposes meticulous perioperative management in order to avoid them. In a close future, new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) will probably substitute vitamin K antagonist in many indications. The management of these new drugs is not really familiar in urology. The authors have specified it by using a systematic literature search in association to guidelines analysis edited by learned society. METHODS: This article is based on a systematic literature search by using Pubmed database and by consulting international learned society of urology, anesthesiology or cardiology and the French National Agency of Drugs Security. RESULTS: There was no guidelines edited by urological learned society. A standardized protocol adapted to prostate biopsies has been suggested using French Anesthesiologist and Hemostasian guidelines. The authors recommended stopping the oral anticoagulant treatment 5 days prior the biopsy. A bridge, by using a curative dose of heparin, was required during the preoperative period in order to manage the bleeding risk. It must be stopped 12 hours or 24 hours before biopsy (standard or low molecular weight heparin). Contrary to vitamin K antagonist, the re-initiation of the oral should begin 6-8 hours after procedure. The treatment should not overlap with heparin. The NOAC anticoagulant effect is quickly effective after 2 to 4 hours. The treatment should be re-initiated directly after the biopsy, in the absence of bleeding complications. CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative management of new oral anticoagulants seems to be more simple than vitamin K antagonist (VKA) during prostate biopsy. A standardized protocol should be recommended.
