A Systematic Literature Study of the Sinus Septi Nasi, Crista Galli and Other Minor Pneumatizations / Estudio Bibliográfico Sistemático del Seno Septi Nasi, Crista Galli y Otras Neumatizaciones Menores

SUMMARY: Variations in the paranasal sinuses and pneumatizations originating from these structures are clinically important for surgical procedures to be performed in the nose and nasal cavity regions. No systematic review examining the sinus septi nasi, crista galli and other minor pneumatizations was found in the literature review. This study aimed to review the papers in the literature including the sinus septi nasi, crista galli and other minor pneumatizations and standardize the mean incidence, distribution by sex, age and origin of these structures. Furthermore, it was aimed to examine the height, length, and width values of sinus septi nasi and crista galli pneumatizations, determine the measurement intervals and measurement values, and standardize them. The studies involving these pneumatizations were reviewed from various databases. After being evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 articles between the years 1991-2021 were reviewed. Based on the data obtained from these articles, we examined the incidence of sinus septi nasi, crista galli, and other minor pneumatizations. Middle nasal turbinate pneumatization had the highest incidence among all these pneumatizations. Uncinate process pneumatization had the lowest incidence. Considering the distribution by sex, no difference was found. Upon examining the age range, there were people aged between 1-95 years, and the mean age range was 33.05-41.48. The length, width and height values of crista galli and sinus septi nasi could not be standardized due to the insufficient number of studies and variable data in the literature. We believe that our study will contribute to similar future studies in larger populations with the clinical procedures to be performed in and around the nasal cavity.

Las variaciones en los senos paranasales y las neumatizaciones que se originan en estas estructuras son clínicamente importantes para los procedimientos quirúrgicos que se realizan en las regiones de la nariz y la cavidad nasal. En la revisión de la literatura no se encontró ninguna revisión sistemática que examinara el seno septi nasi, la crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar los trabajos en la literatura que incluyen el seno septi nasi, la crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores y estandarizar la incidencia media, la distribución por sexo, edad y origen de estas estructuras. Además, tuvo como objetivo examinar los valores de altura, longitud y ancho de las neumatizaciones del seno septi nasi y crista galli, determinar los intervalos de medición y los valores de medición, y estandarizarlos. Los estudios relacionados con estas neumatizaciones se revisaron a partir de varias bases de datos. Luego de ser evaluados según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se revisaron 35 artículos entre los años 1991-2021. Sobre la base de los datos obtenidos de estos artículos, examinamos la incidencia de septi nasi nasi, crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores. La neumatización de la concha nasal media tuvo la mayor incidencia entre todas estas neumatizaciones. La neumatización del proceso uncinado tuvo la menor incidencia. Considerando la distribución por sexo, no se encontró diferencia. Al examinar el rango de edad, había personas con edades entre 1 y 95 años, y el rango de edad promedio fue de 33,05 a 41,48. Los valores de longitud, ancho y altura de crista galli y seno septi nasi no pudieron estandarizarse debido a la cantidad insuficiente de estudios y datos variables en la literatura. Creemos que nuestro estudio contribuirá a futuras investigaciones similares en poblaciones más grandes con los procedimientos clínicos que se realizarán en y alrededor de la cavidad nasal.

Morphological evaluation and clinical significance of the supracondylar process and supratrochlear foramen: an anatomic and radiological study.

BACKGROUND: In our literature review, we did not encounter any study examining the supracondylar process (SP) and the supratrochlear foramen (STF) with a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method. The present study aimed to evaluate SP and STF morphologically by employing the 3D reconstruction method and emphasize their clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was carried out on dried human humeri of unknown sex and without pathological alterations. A total of 81 humeri (42 right, 39 left) were obtained from the Departments of Anatomy of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Lokman Hekim University Faculty of Medicine. The morphometric measurements of SP and STF were made with a digital vernier calliper. The computed tomography images acquired for radiological evaluation were analysed with the 3D reconstruction method. RESULTS: The narrower distal medullary canal widths of humeri with STF were found to be statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was found between the transverse diameters (TD), vertical diameters (VD), the distance of the medial edge to the medial epicondyle, and the distance of the lateral edge to the lateral epicondyle of the supratrochlear foramen of the right and left humeri. CONCLUSIONS: The supracondylar process is often evaluated by mistake as a pathological condition of the bone, not as a normal anatomical variation. Knowing different shapes and dimensions, e.g. the TD and VD distance in which STF emerges, can assist in avoiding the misinterpretation of radiographs.

Systematic literature study of trachea and bronchus morphology in children and adults.

Understanding the dimensions of the lower airway is critical for performing respiratory surgery, selecting and designing appropriate airway equipment, and removing aspirated foreign bodies via bronchoscopy, anaesthesia, and radiography. The purpose of this study was to analyse the trachea and bronchus morphologically in children and adults, as well as to standardise the data for these structures' measurements. Various databases were reviewed for studies on lower airway dimensions. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion were established. Finally, it was agreed to look into 28 studies that took place between 1984 and 2021. The length of the trachea, its anterior-posterior (AP) and transverse dimensions, the lengths and transverse diameters of the right and left major bronchus, and the subcarinal angle were also investigated in the study. In studies where measurements were performed with different methods and procedures. It was revealed that age and gender were effective in the difference in lower respiratory tract dimensions. The mean values of all parameters were greater in adults than in children, the AP diameter of the trachea in adults was greater than the transverse diameter. In children, it was observed that the transverse diameter was larger than the AP diameter on average, the left main bronchus was longer than the right main bronchus, and the transverse diameter was smaller than the right main bronchus in most of the studies. The articles reviewed for this study revealed that measurements were done using a variety of different procedures and approaches, and the resulting data were inconsistent and could not be standardized. The data collected will be beneficial both conceptually and clinically; we believe that additional comparison research involving children and adults in bigger groups are necessary.

Comparative investigation of the fetus and adult joint ligament in the knee and elbow with structural levels / Investigación comparativa del ligamento conjunto de rodilla y codo con niveles estructurales en fetos y adultos

The aim of this study was to examine and compare fetal and adult knee and elbow joint ligaments and determine histologically how these ligaments change over time. In addition, the images of fetal and adult joint ligaments were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study was conducted on 10 male fetus ranging from ages 14 to 17.5 weeks, two adult male cadavers obtained from Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Department of Anatomy and MR images of the knee and elbow regions of 10 male adults obtained from Atatürk Educational and Research Hospital between 2009 and 2011. In the present study, the sections taken from knee and elbow of ten 14­17.5 week old fetuses and the ligaments of tissue taken from the knee and elbow of two male cadavers using the same method of dissection were monitored. After monitoring tissue, microtome sections taken from paraffin-embedded structures were stained using the Masson-Trichrom and Orcein-Picroindigocarmine staining method. These sections were examined under a microscope and photographed. The images of 17 week old fetuses and the knee and elbow of the adults were obtained with MRI. The differences detected between adult and fetus ligaments consisted of fibroblast density and collagen thickness, density and waves. Although the fetus ligaments were not seen sufficiently with 1.5 Tesla (T) MR, they were seen very clearly with 3 T MR. Structural differences between adult and fetal ligaments revealed in histological and MRI images.

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar y comparar los ligamentos de la articulación de la rodilla y del codo en fetos y adultos y determinar histológicamente como estos ligamentos cambian con el tiempo. Además, las imágenes de los ligamentos de las articulaciones fetales y adultas se examinaron con imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM). Fueron utilizados 10 fetos masculinos entre 14 y 17,5 semanas, y dos cadáveres adultos masculinos obtenidos del Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Gazi junto con las IRM de las regiones de la rodilla y del codo de 10 hombres adultos obtenidos de Atatürk Educativa y del Hospital de Investigación entre los años 2009 y 2011. Para las secciones de rodilla y codo de los diez fetos y de los cadáveres masculinos se utilizó el mismo método de disección. Después de procesar los tejidos e incluirlos en parafina, se obtuvieron cortes en micrótomo los cuales fueron posteriormente teñidos con Tricrómico de Masson y Orceína-picro-índigo Carmín. Las secciones fueron fotografiadas y examinadas bajo microscopio. Se obtuvieron IRM del codo y de la rodilla de los fetos y adultos. Las diferencias encontradas entre los ligamentos de adultos y fetos estaban en relación a la densidad de fibroblastos y espesor de colágeno. Aunque no fue posible observar los ligamentos fetales con 1,5 Tesla (T) MR, se observaron claramente con 3 T MR. Las diferencias estructurales entre los ligamentos fetales y adultos se observan tanto a nivel histológico y de resonancia magnética.

Antioxidative and therapeutic effects of spirulina on trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation balb/c mice.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antioxidative and therapeutic effects of spirulina on the trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation balb/c mice. BACKGROUND: During recent years, an attention has been focused on the antioxidant potential of Spirulina species. METHODS: Balb/c mice were randomized into the four groups. At the end of the each application, the rats were sacrificed and dorsal skin was taken. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical evaluations were conducted, oxidative stress was assessed by the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and nitric oxide (NO) production. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decreased disruption in epidermal integrity, oedema in intercellular dermis, disorganization in collagen fibres and immunoreactivity in the pre acute dermatitis/ antioxidant and the post acute dermatitis/ treatment groups when compared to the acute dermatitis group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate the antioxidative and therapeutic effects of Spirulina on trichloroethylene induced cutaneous irritation balb/c mice (Tab. 2, Fig. 8, Ref. 33).

The study of biochemical and histopathological effects of spirulina in rats with TNBS-induced colitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the beneficial effects of spirulina on the treatment of experimental colitis. BACKGROUND: Spirulina, a planktonic blue green algae from oascillateriaceae family, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-viral, and antimicrobial effects, rendering it a natural drug of prophylactic and therapeutic properties. The effects of spirulina on colitis are not known. METHODS: Wistar rats weighing 200-300 g were used. Experimental colitis was created during anesthesia using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic (TNBS) acid. The rats were randomly divided into the 3 groups. In the group 1 (sham; n = 8), saline was administered via oral gavage 7 days after 1 ml of rectal saline was administered. In the group 2 (experimental colitis + spirulina; n = 8), 2 g/kg spirulina was administered via oral gavage 7 days after the rectal 1 ml TNBS was administered. In group 3 (experimental colitis; n = 8), enema was administered via oral gavage 7 days after the rectal 1 ml TNBS was administered. Eight days after the instigation of TNBS colitis, the rats were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were taken. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical evaluations were conducted, and malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant status (TAS), and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. RESULTS: Inflammation on mucosa and submucosa, hemorrhage, necrosis, cellular infiltration and crypt abscess formation, immunoreactivity and tissue MDA levels were decreased in the experimental colitis + spirulina group when compared to the experimental colitis group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate the beneficial effects of spirulina on TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease (Tab. 6, Fig. 10, Ref. 40).