The Effect of Patient Positioning on Amount of Intraoperative Bleeding in Rhinoplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: There is a rich blood flow to the mucosa in the nasal region. In rhinoplasty, surgical procedures are performed in a narrow and confined space. So bleeding during surgery reduces visibility which can complicate the procedure. This study investigated the effects of the patient position on amount of intraoperative bleeding during surgical procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 71 patients who underwent elective rhinoplasty. The patients were operated on in three groups. Group 1 consisted of 23 patients who were operated on in the supine position; Group 2 included 28 patients who were operated on using a 15° angle reverse Trendelenburg position; Group 3 consisted of 20 patients who were operated on at a 20° angle reverse Trendelenburg position. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in regard to surgeon satisfaction and the amount of intraoperative bleeding. The amount of intraoperative bleeding in Group 1 was significantly higher than those of Groups 2 and 3, and surgeon satisfaction was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse Trendelenburg position reduces intraoperative bleeding in rhinoplasty patients while facilitating the procedure compared to the supine position. Surgery at a 15° angle reverse Trendelenburg position provides the optimum working conditions by both significantly reducing intraoperative bleeding and allowing for comfortable conditions for the surgeon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Anesthesia for a patient with Fanconi anemia for developmental dislocation of the hip: a case report.

Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with congenital and hematological abnormalities. Literature regarding the anesthetic management in these patients is limited. A management of a developmental dislocation of the hip was described in a patient with fanconi anemia. Because of the heterogeneous nature, a patient with fanconi anemia should be established thorough preoperative evaluation in order to diagnose on clinical features. In conclusion, we preferred caudal anesthesia in this patient with fanconi anemia without thrombocytopenia, because of avoiding from N2O, reducing amount of anesthetic, existing microcephaly, hypothyroidism and elevated liver enzymes, providing postoperative analgesia, and reducing amount of analgesic used postoperatively.

Anesthesia for a patient with Fanconi anemia for developmental dislocation of the hip: a case report / Anestesia em paciente com anemia de Fanconi e displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril: relato de caso / Anestesia en paciente con anemia de Fanconi y displasia del desarrollo de la cadera: caso clínico

Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with congenital and hematological abnormalities. Literature regarding the anesthetic management in these patients is limited. A management of a developmental dislocation of the hip was described in a patient with fanconi anemia. Because of the heterogeneous nature, a patient with fanconi anemia should be established thorough preoperative evaluation in order to diagnose on clinical features. In conclusion, we preferred caudal anesthesia in this patient with fanconi anemia without thrombocytopenia, because of avoiding from N2O, reducing amount of anesthetic, existing microcephaly, hypothyroidism and elevated liver enzymes, providing postoperative analgesia, and reducing amount of analgesic used postoperatively.

A anemia de Fanconi é uma síndrome hereditária autossômica recessiva rara, caracterizada por deficiência da medula óssea e anomalias congênitas e hematológicas. A literatura sobre o manejo anestésico dos pacientes é limitada. O manejo de uma displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril foi descrito em um paciente com anemia de Fanconi. Por causa da natureza heterogênea, um paciente com anemia de Fanconi deve ser submetido à avaliação pré-operatória para diagnosticar as características clínicas. Em conclusão, o bloqueio caudal foi a nossa escolha para esse paciente com anemia de Fanconi, sem trombocitopenia, para evitar o N2O, reduzir a quantidade de anestésico, a microcefalia existente, o hipotireoidismo e o aumento das enzimas hepáticas, proporcionar analgesia pós-operatória e reduzir a quantidade de analgésico usada no pós-operatório.

La anemia de Fanconi es un síndrome hereditario autosómico recesivo raro, caracterizado por deficiencia de la médula ósea y por anomalías congénitas y hematológicas. La literatura sobre el manejo anestésico de esos pacientes es limitada. El manejo de una displasia del desarrollo de la cadera fue descrito en un paciente con anemia de Fanconi. Debido a la naturaleza heterogénea, un paciente con anemia de Fanconi debe ser sometido a la evaluación preoperatoria para diagnosticar las características clínicas. En conclusión, el bloqueo caudal fue nuestra elección para ese paciente con anemia de Fanconi sin trombocitopenia para evitar el N2O, reducir la cantidad de anestésico, microcefalia existente, hipotiroidismo y aumento de las enzimas hepáticas, proporcionar analgesia postoperatoria y reducir la cantidad de analgésico usado en el postoperatorio.

Protective effects of intravenous anesthetics on kidney tissue in obstructive jaundice.

AIM: To evaluate the protective effects on kidney tissue of frequently used intravenous anesthetics (ketamine, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl) in rats with obstructive jaundice. METHODS: There is an increased incidence of postoperative acute renal failure in patients with obstructive jaundice. Thirty-two Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Laparatomy was performed on each animal in the four groups and common bile ducts were ligated and severed on day 0. After 7 d, laparotomy was again performed using ketamine, propofol, thiopental, or fentanyl anesthesia whose antioxidative properties are well known in oxidative stress in a rat liver model of obstructive jaundice. After 2 h, the rats were sacrificed. Renal tissue specimens were analyzed for catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde enzymes activities. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: All animals survived without complications until the end of the study. Enlargement in the bile duct and obstructive jaundice were observed in all rats. Catalase was found to be significantly lower in the fentanyl group than in the ketamine (P = 0.039), propofol (P = 0.012), and thiopental (P = 0.001) groups. Superoxide dismutase activities were similar in all groups (P > 0.05). Malondialdehyde was found to be significantly lower in the ketamine group than in the propofol (P = 0.028), thiopental (P = 0.002) and fentanyl (P = 0.005) groups. Malondialdehyde was also lower in the fentanyl group than in the thiopental group (P = 0.001). The results showed that obstructive jaundice sensitizes renal tissue to damage under the different anesthetics. CONCLUSION: Among the agents tested, ketamine and propofol generated the least amount of oxidative stres on renal tissues in this rat model of obstructive jaundice created by common bile duct ligation. The importance of free radical injury in renal tissue in obstructive jaundice under different intravenous anesthetics during hepatobiliary and liver transplant surgery should be considered for prevention of postoperative acute renal failure.

The effect of intraspinal bupivacaine versus levobupivacaine on the QTc intervals during caesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, prospective study.

The aim of this study was to describe whether or not spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine versus levobupivacaine has any effects on the QTc interval during caesarean section. Sixty healthy pregnant women scheduled for elective caesarean section were randomized to spinal anaesthesia with either bupivacaine (the bupivacaine group) or levobupivacaine (the levobupivacaine group). ECG recordings were performed prior to spinal anaesthesia at baseline (T1), 5 min. after spinal anaesthesia, but before uterine incision (T2), and after skin closure (T3). QT intervals were calculated and corrected with the patients' heart rate according to the Bazett formula. Compared with baseline values, mean maximum QTc intervals at T2 and T3 were significantly longer in the levobupivacaine group, but only at T2 in the bupivacaine group. In addition, compared with the bupivacaine group, the QTc maximum interval at T3 was significantly longer in the levobupivacaine group. At T2, the QTc maximum intervals were longer than baseline in both groups. By the end of the surgery, the prolongation of the QTc interval had disappeared in the bupivacaine group but not in the levobupivacaine group.

Anaesthesia in Naxos disease: first case report.

Naxos disease is a recessively inherited arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in which the cardiac phenotype is associated with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair. The hair phenotype is unique, characterized by congenital woolly, curly, rough, and light-colored scalp hair and sparse eyebrows. However, arrhythmias and severe cardiomyopathies are causes of severe life threatened intracardiac thrombus. Thrombus therapy needs private care and sedative, operative processes need to give close attention to these patients. In this case report, sedation given a patient who having severe congestive heart failure with huge mural thrombus in left ventriculus has been presented.

Anaesthetic Management of a Neonate with Giant Cystic Hygroma.

Cystic hygroma, which originates from embryonic lymphoid tissue, is a benign tumour without any potential for malignancy. It is commonly located in the neck area. Anaesthetic management of a large neck mass may be challenging due to difficulty in intubation and the severe haemodynamic effects of surgical removal of a giant tumour. Serious consequences such as sudden airway occlusion resulting in hypoventilation and hypoxemia may arise. We present the anaesthetic management of a 15-day-old infant who underwent surgical removal of a cystic hygroma located on the left side of the neck. Anaesthesia was induced by mask ventilation with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen and intubation was carried out while maintaining spontaneous ventilation. The endotracheal tube was sutured to the tip of the right lip to avoid movement or extubation. In addition to arterial cannulation for invasive blood pressure monitoring, central venous catheterization for perioperative fluid management was put in place. After 6 hours of surgery, the infant was transported to the neonatal intensive care unit and was extubated without difficulty the next day. Facial nerve injury was observed to be temporary.

Protective effects of zinc, pentoxifylline, and N-acetylcysteine in an animal model of laparoscopy-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury of the small intestine.

BACKGROUND: Pneumoperitoneum induced to facilitate laparoscopy is associated with splanchnic hypoperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and oxidative stress. AIM: This study investigated the effects of pre- and postlaparoscopic conditioning, zinc, pentoxifylline, and N-acetylcysteine on markers of I/R injury of the small intestine in an animal model. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=56) were randomized to 1 of 7 treatment groups. Except for group 7 (control group that underwent sham surgery without pneumoperitoneum), pneumoperitoneum was induced in all by use of carbondioxide insufflation under a pressure of 15 mmHg. Group 1 (laparoscopic I/R) was subjected to 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum. Group 2 (laparoscopic preconditioning plus laparoscopy) was subjected to 5 minutes of insufflation and 5 minutes of desufflation followed by 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum. Group 3 (laparoscopy plus laparoscopic postconditioning) was subjected to 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum and 60 minutes of desufflation followed by 5 minutes of insufflation and 5 minutes of desufflation. Group 4 (zinc), group 5 (pentoxifylline), and group 6 (N-acetylcysteine) received a single intraperitoneal injection of zinc (50 mg/kg), pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg), or N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg), respectively, 5 minutes before the desufflation period. Animals were killed at the end of the experiments, and small intestine samples were tested for malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). RESULTS: There was no significant difference for MDA levels between each other in the groups 1, 2, and 3. But MDA levels were higher significantly in groups 1, 2, and 3 than those of groups 4, 5, 6, and 7. SOD and GPX levels of group 3 were significantly higher than those of groups 1, 2, 4 through 7. According to the SOD levels, there was no significant difference between each other in those of groups 1, 2, 4 through 7. GPX levels of group 3 were significantly higher than those of groups 1, 2, 4 through 7. GPX levels of group 1 were significantly lower than those of groups 5 and 7. The mean CAT level of groups 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that of groups 3, 6, and 7. The mean CAT level of group 3 was significantly higher than that of groups 1, 2, 4 through 7. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model of small intestine I/R injury, laparoscopy caused small intestine ischemia as evidenced by elevated markers of tissue I/R injury. This effect was significantly attenuated by zinc, pentoxifylline, and N-acetylcysteine, but not by prelaparoscopy conditioning and postlaparoscopy conditioning.

Comparação entre o enflurano e o propofol na eletroconvulsoterapia: um estudo preliminar, aleatório, aberto e cruzado sobre a duração de convulsões e a recuperação anestésica / Comparison of enflurane and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized crossover open preliminary study on seizure duration and anaesthetic recovery

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) é comumente utilizada para o tratamento de depressão, mania e transtornos do humor. Anestésicos para anestesia geral durante a ECT devem ter início e despertar rápidos, não interferir com a atividade da convulsão e não encurtar a duração das crises. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os efeitos do enflurano, um agente anestésico pró-convulsivo, e o propofol na duração das ocnvulsões, no índice de supressão pós-ictal e nos tempos de recuperação durante a eletroconvulsoterapia. MÉTODO: Pacientes sem uso de medicação pré-anestésica foram alocados em dois grupos de acordo com a indução da anestesia. Os pacientes foram induzidos para a ECT com 5 por cento de enflurano no grupo E e 1,2 mg.kg-1 de propofol no grupo P, até perda de consciência. A duração das crises motora e no eletroencefalograma (EEG), o índice de supressão pós-ictal, o tempo para respiração espontânea, para duração da abertura dos olhos e obedecer aos comandos foram registrados. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto aos tempos das crises motora e no EEG e índice de supressão pós-ictal nos registros de EEG. Tempos de recuperação (tempo de início de respiração espontânea, de abertura dos olhos e para obedecer aos comandos) foram significativamente menores no grupo E em relação ao grupo P. Não foram observados náuseas ou vômitos e nenhuma anormalidade no ECG, exceto bradicardia sinusal transitória e taquicardia sinusal. CONCLUSÕES: Embora convulsões suficientes para o tratamento tenham ocorrido durante a anestesia com enflurano, nenhum benefício adicional foi observado sobre os tempos de convulsão ou índice de supressão pós-ictal quando comparado à anestesia com propofol. Por outro lado, o tempo de recuperação após anestesia com enflurano foi mais curto que com propofol. No entanto, ainda há necessidade de mais estudos em diferentes níveis de ETCO2.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly used for treatment of depression, mania and affective disorders. Anaesthetics for general anaesthesia during ECT should have rapid onset, rapid emerge, not interfere with seizure activity and not shorten seizure duration. The aim of this study is to compare effects of enflurane, a pro-convulsive anaesthetic agent, and propofol on seizure durations, postictal suppression index and recovery times during electroconvulsive therapy. METHODS: Unpremedicated subjects were divided into two groups according to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were induced for ECT with 5 percent enflurane in group E and 1.2 mg.kg-1 propofol in group P until loss of consciousness. The durations of electroencephalogram (EEG) and motor seizures, postictal suppression index, time to spontaneous breathing, duration of eye opening, and obeying commands were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding motor and EEG seizure times and postictal suppression index on the EEG records. Recovery times (times of starting spontaneous breathing, eye opening, and obeying command) were significantly shorter in group E compared to group P. No nausea or vomiting were observed and no ECG abnormality was noted except transient sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Although sufficient seizure for the treatment was provided during enflurane anaesthesia, any additional benefit was not revealed regarding seizure times or postictal suppression index when compared to propofol anaesthesia. On the other hand, recovery times after enflurane anaesthesia were shorter than propofol anaesthesia. However, there is still a need for further study in different ETCO2 levels.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La electroconvulsoterapia (ECT), se usa a menudo para el tratamiento de la depresión, manía y transtornos del humor. Los anestésicos para la anestesia general durante la ECT deben tener un inicio y un despertar rápidos, no interferir en la actividad de la convulsión y no acortar la duración de las crises. El objetivo de este estudio, es comparar los efectos del enflurano, un agente anestésico pro convulsivo, y el propofol, en la duración de las convulsiones, en el índice de supresión postictal y en los tiempos de recuperación durante la electroconvulsoterapia. MÉTODO: Pacientes sin uso de medicación preanestésica que fueron colocados en dos grupos de acuerdo con la inducción de la anestesia. Los pacientes fueron inducidos para la ECT con 5 por ciento de enflurano en el grupo E y 1,2 mg.kg-1 de propofol en el grupo P, hasta la pérdida de la conciencia. También fueron registrados la duración de las crises motora y en el electroencefalograma (EEG), el índice de supresión postictal, el tiempo para la respiración espontánea, para la duración de la abertura de los ojos y obedecer a los comandos. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos en cuanto a los tiempos de las crises motora y en el EEG e índice de supresión postictal en los registros de EEG. Los tiempos de recuperación (tiempo de inicio de la respiración espontánea, de abertura de los ojos, y para obedecer a los comandos), fueron significativamente menores en el grupo E con relación al grupo P. No se observaron náuseas o vómitos, ni ninguna anormalidad en el ECG tampoco fue notada, excepto bradicardia sinusal transitoria y taquicardia sinusal. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque las convulsiones suficientes para el tratamiento hayan sucedido durante la anestesia con enflurano, ningún beneficio adicional fue observado sobre los tiempos de convulsión o sobre el índice de supresión postictal cuando se le comparó con la anestesia con propofol. Por otro lado, el ti...

Comparison of enflurane and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized crossover open preliminary study on seizure duration and anaesthetic recovery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly used for treatment of depression, mania and affective disorders. Anaesthetics for general anaesthesia during ECT should have rapid onset, rapid emerge, not interfere with seizure activity and not shorten seizure duration. The aim of this study is to compare effects of enflurane, a pro-convulsive anaesthetic agent, and propofol on seizure durations, postictal suppression index and recovery times during electroconvulsive therapy. METHODS: Unpremedicated subjects were divided into two groups according to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were induced for ECT with 5% enflurane in group E and 1.2mg.kg(-1) propofol in group P until loss of consciousness. The durations of electroencephalogram (EEG) and motor seizures, postictal suppression index, time to spontaneous breathing, duration of eye opening, and obeying commands were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding motor and EEG seizure times and postictal suppression index on the EEG records. Recovery times (times of starting spontaneous breathing, eye opening, and obeying command) were significantly shorter in group E compared to group P. No nausea or vomiting were observed and no ECG abnormality was noted except transient sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Although sufficient seizure for the treatment was provided during enflurane anaesthesia, any additional benefit was not revealed regarding seizure times or postictal suppression index when compared to propofol anaesthesia. On the other hand, recovery times after enflurane anaesthesia were shorter than propofol anaesthesia. However, there is still a need for further study in different ETCO(2) levels.

Thiopental improves renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

UNLABELLED: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurs in a number of pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, organ transplantation, resuscitation, and critical care. Massive and abrupt release of oxygen-free radicals after reperfusion triggers oxidative damage. Before critical operations or after resuscitation, it would be wise to find a suitable prophylactic treatment to avoid I/R damage. We aimed to determine whether several commonly used intravenous anesthetics protect against renal I/R injury. METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into seven groups, each consisting of six animals: sham group, control group, thiopental group, propofol group, intralipid group, etomidate group, and ketamine group. At the end of the 60-min ischemic period, 60 min reperfusion was established and the materials administered 15 min before the reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, the samples of blood and tissue were reaped for biochemical and serological evaluation. RESULTS: I/R procedure significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, decreased catalase (CAT) activities, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The lowest MDA mean level was in the thiopental group and the highest MDA mean level was in control group. The lowest CAT mean level was in the intralipid group and the highest CAT mean level was in the etomidate group. The lowest SOD mean level was in the control group and the highest SOD mean level was in the propofol group. CONCLUSION: Thiopental and propofol, especially thiopental, are more effective to protect renal I/R injury.

Comparison of the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on the QTc interval and QT dispersion.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on QT interval and QT dispersion have been investigated in a prospective, double-blind, randomized study of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Sixty American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I-II adult patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Anaesthesia was induced with inhalation of desflurane (desflurane group) or sevoflurane (sevoflurane group) in increasing concentrations to 3 minimal alveolar concentration level. The maintenance of anaesthesia was provided with 2 minimal alveolar concentration agents in both groups until the end of the study. Electrocardiogram, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded as follows: before premedication, before induction, 1 and 3 min after the induction of anaesthesia, after the administration of vecuronium and after the tracheal intubation. The induction times and the complications were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The QTc interval was significantly more prolonged with desflurane than with sevoflurane at the first and third minute after the induction, and at the third minute after the administration of vecuronium. There were no significant differences in the QT dispersion between the two groups. Heart rate and blood pressure were found to be significantly higher in the desflurane group. CONCLUSION: The QTc interval was more prolonged with desflurane than sevoflurane, and QT dispersion was normal with both agents.

Comparison of propofol and sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion.

In this study, we compared haemodynamic changes, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion time, and complications in patients anesthetized by inhalation of sevoflurane with those of intravenous induction with propofol. One hundred patients, aged between 20-40 years were enrolled in this study. Group 1 received propofol (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) and group 2 received sevoflurane (6%+50% N2O+50% O2) by inhalation using the tidal volume technique. LMA insertion time was found to be significantly longer in sevoflurane group than in propofol group. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower within each group after induction in comparison to before induction values. In both groups, the LMA was successfully inserted in all patients. The quality of anaesthesia according to patients was significantly higher in the propofol group (80%) than in sevoflurane group (30%). Odor perception was significantly higher in sevoflurane group (84%) than in propofol group (38%). Apnoea was significantly higher in propofol group (40%) than in sevoflurane group (0%). Sevoflurane is an alternative to propofol for induction of anaesthesia and has a lower incidence of apnoea. Other complication rates are not higher than which propofol but the longer duration of induction time is a disadvantage.