Development of ophthalmic nanoemulsions of ß-caryophyllene for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Although rare, amoebic keratitis (AK) is a disease caused by Acanthamoeba spp. that can lead to blindness. The drugs currently available for its treatment are very toxic, which has motivated the investigation for more effective and safe therapeutic options. In this study, the in vitro activity of ß-caryophyllene (BCP) was exploited taking into account its action against other protozoans as well as its well-known healing and anti-inflammatory properties (aspects relevant for the AK pathogenesis). On the other hand, high volatilization and oxidation phenomena are found for this compound, which led to its incorporation into nanoemulsions (NEs). Two emulsifying agents were tested, resulting in monodisperse systems with reduced droplet size (<265 nm) and high surface charge (positive and negative for NEs prepared with cetrimonium bromide -CTAB and Phosal® 50+, respectively). NEs prepared with CTAB were shown to be more stable after long-term storage at 4 and 25 °C than those prepared with Phosal®. Pure BCP, at the highest concentration (500 µM), resulted in a level of inhibition of Acanthamoeba trophozoites equivalent to that of reference drug (chlorhexidine). This activity was even greater after oil nanoencapsulation. The reduced droplet size could improve the interaction of the oil with the microorganism, justifying this finding. Changes in surface charge did not impact the activity. Positively charged NEs improved the interaction and retention of BCP in the cornea and thus should be prioritized for further studies.

Detection of encephalitis-causing viruses reveals predominance of chikungunya virus in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Encephalitis is a severe neurological syndrome for which herpesvirus and enteroviruses are the most common etiological agents. Arboviruses, a wildly diverse group of pathogens, are also critical epidemiological agents associated with encephalitis. In Brazil, little is known about the causative agents of encephalitis. METHODS: We conducted a hospital surveillance for encephalitis between 2020 and 2022. Molecular (RT-PCR and qPCR) and serological (virus-specific IgM and viral antigens) techniques were performed in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples obtained from study participants. RESULTS: In the 43 participants evaluated, the etiologic agent or the presence of IgM was detected in 16 (37.2%). Nine (20.9%) cases were positive for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), three (7.0%) for dengue virus, two (4.7%) for human adenovirus, one (2.3%) for varicella-zoster virus, and one (2.3%) for enterovirus. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the CHIKV identified belongs to the East/Central/South African lineage. CONCLUSION: Herein, CHIKV is a common pathogen identified in encephalitis cases. Our results reinforce previous evidence that chikungunya represents a significant cause of encephalitis during CHIKV outbreaks and epidemics and add to existing information on the epidemiology of encephalitis in Brazil.

Assessing the water quality in a World Heritage Site using biomarkers in top fish predators.

The use of biomarkers in fish for biomonitoring is a valuable approach to reveal effects of human impacts on biota health. Top predator fish are effective models for monitoring human activities' impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The Guaraguaçu River is the largest river-system on coastal region of South Brazil and a World Heritage site. The river receives contaminants from disorderly urban growth, including discharges of domestic sewage and small fishery boats, particularly during the tourist season. Our study aimed to assess impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality in the Guaraguaçu River by analyzing environmental contamination biomarkers in the top fish predator Hoplias malabaricus. Fish were collected using a fyke net trap across sectors representing a gradient of anthropic impact: sector 1 - pristine; sector 2 - impacted; and sector 3 - less impacted. Water samples were collected to analyze the presence of trace elements and pesticide. Biomarkers of the antioxidant system, histopathology, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and concentration of trace elements were analyzed in fish tissues. In water samples Al, Fe and Mn were detected, but no pesticides were found. In fish muscle, zinc and iron were detected. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in impacted sectors, indicating neurotoxic effects. The antioxidant system increased activity in gills and liver, and damage from lipoperoxidation was observed, particularly in sector 2 when compared to sector 1, suggesting oxidative stress. Histopathological biomarkers revealed lesions in the liver and gills of fish in impacted sectors. Micronuclei, a genotoxicity biomarker, were observed in organisms from all sectors. Our results demonstrate detrimental effects of poor water quality on biota health, even when contaminants are not detected in water.

Acute interstitial nephritis due to dolutegravir: The first case reported / Nefritis intersticial aguda por dolutegravir: primer caso notificado

Kidney disease is frequent in HIV-patients. We present a case of a 44-year-old woman, with known uncontrolled HIV infection and chronic kidney disease due to HIV-associated nephropathy. After starting dolutegravir, the patient developed eosinophilia and worsening kidney function. A kidney biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Given the time relation with dolutegravir introduction, it was deemed the culprit medication. Dolutegravir was stopped, and corticosteroids were initiated, with moderate improvement in renal function. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute interstitial nephritis to dolutegravir, which should raise awareness of previously undocumented renal effects of antiretroviral therapy. (AU)

La enfermedad renal es frecuente en pacientes con VIH. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 44 años, con infección por VIH no controlada conocida y enfermedad renal crónica por nefropatía asociada al VIH. Después de comenzar con dolutegravir, el paciente desarrolló eosinofilia y empeoramiento de la función renal. Una biopsia de riñón confirmó el diagnóstico de nefritis intersticial aguda. Dada la relación temporal con la introducción de dolutegravir, se consideró al medicamento el culpable. Se interrumpió el tratamiento con dolutegravir y se iniciaron corticosteroides, con una mejoría moderada de la función renal. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer caso notificado de nefritis intersticial aguda por dolutegravir, lo que debería crear conciencia sobre los efectos renales previamente indocumentados de la terapia antirretroviral. (AU)

Phylogenetic Reconstructions Reveal the Circulation of a Novel Dengue Virus-1V Clade and the Persistence of a Dengue Virus-2 III Genotype in Northeast Brazil.

Dengue fever is among the most significant public health concerns in Brazil. To date, the highest number of Dengue notifications in the Americas has been reported in Brazil, with cases accounting for a total number of 3,418,796 reported cases as of mid-December 2022. Furthermore, the northeastern region of Brazil registered the second-highest incidence of Dengue fever in 2022. Due to the alarming epidemiological scenario, in this study, we used a combination of portable whole-genome sequencing, phylodynamic, and epidemiological analyses to reveal a novel DENV-1 genotype V clade and the persistence of DENV-2 genotype III in the region. We further report the presence of non-synonymous mutations associated with non-structural domains, especially the NS2A (non-structural protein 2A), as well as describe synonymous mutations in envelope and membrane proteins, distributed differently between clades. However, the absence of clinical data at the time of collection and notification, as well as the impossibility of monitoring patients in order to observe worsening or death, restricts our possibility of correlating mutational findings with possible clinical prognoses. Together, these results reinforce the crucial role of genomic surveillance to follow the evolution of circulating DENV strains and understand their spread across the region through inter-regional importation events, likely mediated by human mobility, and also the possible impacts on public health and outbreak management.

Anaphylactic reaction to praziquantel following schistosomiasis treatment.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication used to treat several parasitic infections, including human schistosomiasis. Although this drug commonly causes transient adverse effects, severe hypersensitivity is rare, and only eight cases have been reported worldwide. Herein we report a case of a 13-year-old Brazilian female who developed anaphylaxis, a severe hypersensitive reaction, after taking praziquantel to treat Schistosoma mansoni infection. During a mass drug administration event in a socially vulnerable endemic area of Bahia (Brazil), after taking 60 mg/kg of praziquantel the patient developed rash and generalized edema an hour later, evolving to somnolence and hypotension. Following the anaphylactic episode, she received adequate treatment and recovered approximately 1 day later. Although praziquantel is considered safe, health professionals should be aware of potential life-threatening adverse events.

Association of Incomplete Neurovascular Imaging After Emergency Department Encounters for Transient Ischemic Attack and Odds of Subsequent Stroke: A National Medicare Analysis.

BACKGROUND. Multisociety guidelines recommend urgent brain and neurovascular imaging for patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA), to identify and treat modifiable stroke risk factors. Prior research suggests that most patients with TIA who present to the emergency department (ED) do not receive prompt neurovascular imaging. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between incomplete neurovascular imaging workup during ED encounters for TIA and the odds of subsequent stroke. METHODS. This retrospective study obtained data from the Medicare Standard Analytical Files for calendar years 2016 and 2017; these files contain 100% samples of claims for Medicare beneficiaries. Information was extracted using ICD 10th revision (ICD-10) and CPT codes. Those patients who were discharged from an ED encounter with a TIA diagnosis and who underwent brain CT or brain MRI during or within 2 days of the encounter were identified. Patients were considered to have complete neurovascular imaging if they underwent cross-sectional vascular imaging of both the brain (brain CTA or brain MRA) and neck (neck CTA, neck MRA, or carotid ultrasound) during or within 2 days of the encounter. The association between incomplete neurovascular imaging and a new stroke diagnosis within the subsequent 90 days was tested by multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS. The sample included 111,417 patients (47,370 men, 64,047 women; 26.0% older than 84 years) who had TIA ED encounters. A total of 37.3% of patients (41,592) had an incomplete neurovascular imaging workup. A new stroke diagnosis within 90 days of the TIA ED encounter occurred in 4.4% (3040/69,825) of patients with complete neurovascular imaging versus 7.0% (2898/41,592) of patients with incomplete neurovascular imaging. Incomplete neurovascular imaging was associated with increased likelihood of stroke within 90 days (OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.23-1.38]) after adjustment for patient characteristics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, high-risk comorbidities, median county household income) and hospital characteristics (region, rurality, number of beds, major teaching hospital designation). CONCLUSION. TIA ED encounters with incomplete neurovascular imaging were associated with higher odds of subsequent stroke occurring within 90 days. CLINICAL IMPACT. Increased access to urgent neurovascular imaging for patients with TIA may represent a target that could facilitate detection and treatment of modifiable stroke risk factors.

Fluorescein-Guided Surgery for Malignant Gliomas.

Fluorescein (FS) was first used to visualize malignant brain tumors in 1948. FS accumulates in malignant gliomas where the blood-brain barrier is disrupted and provides intraoperative visualization that is similar to preoperative contrast-enhanced T1 images in which gadolinium accumulation is seen.1 FS can be viewed under white light, but the use of an operating microscope fitted with a dedicated filter (YELLOW 560 nm Filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany) allows us to significantly reduce the dose needed to highlight tumoral tissue.1,2 FS is excited at 460-500 nm and emits a green, fluorescent emission wavelength at 540-690 nm.2 It is virtually free of side effects and has low costs3 (approximately 6.9 USD each vial: Brazil). Video 1 presents a case of a 63-year-old man who underwent a left temporal craniotomy to remove a temporal polar tumor. The FS is administered at the time of anesthesia before a craniotomy. The tumor was then removed with standard microneurosurgical technique by the alternating use of white light and YELLOW 560 nm filter illumination. The use of FS was found "helpful" to discriminate the brain tissue and tumor tissue (bright yellow). Fluorescein-guided technique with a dedicated filter on the surgical microscope is safe and allows complete resection of high-grade gliomas.

Acute interstitial nephritis due to dolutegravir: The first case reported.

Kidney disease is frequent in HIV-patients. We present a case of a 44-year-old woman, with known uncontrolled HIV infection and chronic kidney disease due to HIV-associated nephropathy. After starting dolutegravir, the patient developed eosinophilia and worsening kidney function. A kidney biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Given the time relation with dolutegravir introduction, it was deemed the culprit medication. Dolutegravir was stopped, and corticosteroids were initiated, with moderate improvement in renal function. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute interstitial nephritis to dolutegravir, which should raise awareness of previously undocumented renal effects of antiretroviral therapy.

Perinatal characteristics and longer-term outcomes in Brazilian children with confirmed or suspected congenital Zika infection: ZIKAction Paediatric Registry.

Background: Despite growing scientific knowledge of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, questions remain regarding ZIKV infection in pregnancy and congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS). Methods: The ZIKAction Paediatric Registry is an international registry of children with documented ZIKV exposure in utero and/or with confirmed or suspected CZS. Its aim is to characterize these children (i.e., clinical, radiological, neurodevelopmental features) and describe outcomes, longer-term sequelae and management through retrospective case note review. This analysis described the maternal and perinatal characteristics of children in the Registry's Bahia arm, assessed their neuroimaging, ophthalmic, hearing and electroencephalography abnormalities by microcephaly classification and reported on hospitalisations. Children born in 2015-2018 and enrolled 2020-2021 in three public health facilities in Salvador were included. Results: Of 129 (57% female) children, 15 (11·6%) had laboratory-confirmed congenital ZIKV infection and 114 (88·4%) suspected CZS. At delivery, 15 (11·6%) were normocephalic, 30 (23·3%) moderately microcephalic, and 84 (65·1%) severely microcephalic. Median birth head circumference z-score was -3·51 [IQR, -4·69,-2·73]. During follow-up, all children had abnormal neuroimaging, 80·3% (94/117) abnormal electroencephalogram, 62·2% (77/120) ophthalmic abnormalities, and 27·4% (34/124) hearing impairment. Microcephaly classification was significantly associated with gestational age, and ophthalmological and electroencephalography abnormalities. Of 125 children with hospitalisation data, 52 (41·6%) had been hospitalised by most recent follow-up, at median age of 15·8 [4·0, 34·4] months; infections were the leading cause. Conclusion: Congenital ZIKV infection is an emerging disease with a varied and incompletely understood spectrum. Continued long-term follow-up is essential to understand longer-term prognosis and to inform future health and educational needs.

Effect of Vehicle Composition on the Preparation of Different Types of Dapsone Crystals for Topical Drug Delivery.

Topical formulations composed of API-pure crystals have been increasingly studied, especially in regards to the impact of particle size in penetration efficiency. Less attention, however, has been devoted to the solid-state properties of drugs delivered to the skin. In this study, we address the effect of formulation composition on the crystal form existing in topical products. Dapsone (DAP) gel formulations were prepared by mixing an organic solution containing DAP with an aqueous solution containing polymers and preservatives. The organic solvent was chosen as ethoxydiglycol (DEGEE), polyethylene glycol (PEG), or 1-methyl-2-pirrolidone (MPR) to assess the impact of composition on DAP crystal form. Such solvent variations resulted in different particulate matter. In terms of crystalline nature, the presence of DEGEE in formulations induced the crystallization of DAP hydrate, while PEG cocrystal and a mixture of hydrate and MPR solvate crystallized from the same amounts of PEG and MPR, respectively. Microscopic analysis of the gels showed heterogeneous particles with different characteristics. The behavior of gels after application to the skin was also tested. Interestingly, the different formulations seemed to accumulate in different regions of the skin. This could be the result of the effect of vehicle composition/excipients on the characteristics of the skin, such as hydration. The site-specific accumulation, however, was more pronounced in crystal-loaded gels as opposed to blank formulations. These results indicate that future studies should consider the effect of formulation composition on the API crystal form landscape as part of the strategies used to successfully target drug delivery to the skin.

Lost to Follow-Up: A Nationwide Analysis of Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack Discharged From Emergency Departments With Incomplete Imaging.

PURPOSE: Imaging guidelines for transient ischemic attack (TIA) recommend that patients undergo urgent brain and neurovascular imaging within 48 hours of symptom onset. Prior research suggests that most patients with TIA discharged from the emergency department (ED) do not complete recommended TIA imaging workup during their ED encounters. The purpose of this study was to determine the nationwide percentage of patients with TIA discharged from EDs with incomplete imaging workup who complete recommended imaging after discharge. METHODS: Patients discharged from EDs with the diagnosis of TIA were identified from the Medicare 5% sample for 2017 and 2018 using International Classification of Diseases, tenth rev, Clinical Modification codes. Imaging performed was identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Incomplete imaging workup was defined as a TIA encounter without cross-sectional brain, brain-vascular, and neck-vascular imaging performed within the subsequent 30 days of the initial ED encounter. Patient- and hospital-level factors associated with incomplete TIA imaging were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: In total, 6,346 consecutive TIA encounters were analyzed; 3,804 patients (59.9%) had complete TIA imaging workup during their ED encounters. Of the 2,542 patients discharged from EDs with incomplete imaging, 761 (29.9%) completed imaging during the subsequent 30 days after ED discharge. Among patients with TIA imaging workup completed after ED discharge, the median time to completion was 5 days. For patients discharged from EDs with incomplete imaging, the odds of incomplete TIA imaging at 30 days after discharge were highest for black (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.66) and older (≥85 years of age; odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.78-3.26) patients. Reference values were age cohort 65 to 69 years; male gender; white race; no co-occurring diagnoses of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes mellitus; household income > $63,029; hospital in the Northeast region; urban hospital location; hospital size > 400 beds; academically affiliated hospital; and facility with access to MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients discharged from EDs with incomplete TIA imaging workup do not complete recommended imaging within 30 days after discharge.

Violência contra a mulher indígena e quilombola: uma perspectiva a partir de normativas de municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro e de movimentos sociais do Brasil / Violence against indigenous and quilombola women: a perspective from legal regulations of municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil's social movements

A violência contra a mulher está presente em todas as populações, inclusive as etnicamente diferenciadas. Por isso, enquanto cidadãs brasileiras, mulheres pertencentes a populações indígenas e quilombolas também carecem da proteção e defesa de seus direitos, inclusive o direito à saúde e segurança. O estado do Rio de Janeiro possui em seu território tais populações, estando algumas presentes em terras homologadas no caso de indígenas e tituladas, no caso de quilombolas. O trabalho busca identificar normativas que tratem sobre a violência contra a mulher em populações indígenas e quilombolas federais e no estado do Rio de Janeiro, bem como a ação por parte dos movimentos feministas. Estado e Sociedade Civil organizada elaboram formas de ação para abordar a violência contra a mulher indígena e quilombola, de maneiras distintas, o primeiro por atividades materializadas em normativas e a segunda por recomendações presentes em livros; em ambos os casos tornando essas formas de ação disponíveis para consulta em documentos. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de busca eletrônica de normativas em repositórios de legislações federais, estaduais e municipais, de municípios com terras indígenas homologadas e terras quilombolas tituladas. Além disso, foi realizada a busca na literatura através de websites de busca de artigos científicos e de documentos provenientes da sociedade civil organizada por meio eletrônico. Dessa forma, foram analisados 4 municípios no estado do Rio de Janeiro e 5 websites de organizações não governamentais. As normativas encontradas sobre a violência contra a mulher indígena e quilombola incluem portarias, leis e resoluções, totalizando 12 federais, 6 estaduais e 27 municipais. Foi analisado o texto final de 6 conferências e encontros indígenas e 7 documentos de políticas oficiais a respeito da população quilombola. Nota-se uma escassez de documentos específicos sobre a violência contra a mulher indígena e quilombola, também perceptível na literatura, talvez pelo fato de que esse tipo de violência contra a mulher seja invisibilizado. Populações etnicamente diferenciadas pouco são especificadas nas normativas e materiais consultados. Entretanto, encontros e conferências revelam como as mulheres indígenas compreendem o fenômeno da violência nas suas aldeias, bem como uma carta do coletivo de mulheres quilombolas, que aponta para tal entendimento de maneira singular. Apenas um dos 4 municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro com povos indígenas aldeados em terras homologadas e população quilombola em terras tituladas expressa com contundência uma forma de ação voltada para o enfrentamento da violência contra a mulher entre essas populações etnicamente diferenciadas.

Violence against women exists in all populations, including ethically different ones. Because of that, indigenous and quilombola women need protection and defense of their own rights, including health and safety. State of Rio de Janeiro has in its territory populations with these skills, some in approved lands, indigenous and titled lands, quilombolas. This paper tries to identify federal legal regulations about violence against indigenous and quilombola women and in the state of Rio de Janeiro just as the action of feminist movements. State and organized civil society elaborate different ways to approach violence against indigenous and quilombola women, the first one by actvities that are materialized into laws and the second ones by recomendations expressed in books, and in both cases making it available for consultation by documents. The research was carried out through na eletronic search of regulations in repositories of federal, state and municipal legislation, among these, only counties that have indigenous in approved lands and quilombolas in titled lands. In addition, a litterature search was carried out through websites to search for scientific articles and documents from organized civil society by electronic means. Thus, 4 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro and 5 websites of non-governamental organizations were analyzed. Regulations found on violence against indigenous and quilombola women include ordinances, laws, resolutions, totalling 12 federal, 6 state and 27 municipal. The final text of 6 indigenous conferences and meetings and 7 official policy documents regarding the quilombola population were analyzed. There`s a scarcity of specific documents on violence against indigenous and quilombola women, also noticeable in the literature, perhaps due to the fact that this type of violence against women is made invisible. Ethnically differentiated populations are barely specified in the regulations and materials consulted. However, meetings and conferences reveal how indigenous women understand the phenomenon of violence in their villages, as well as a letter from a collective of quilombola women point to this understanding in a unique way. Only one of the 4 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro with indigenous people living in approved lands and a quilombola population on titled lands strongly expresses a form of action aimed at combating violence against women among these ethnically differentiated populations.

Development of Ni-Sr(V,Ti)O3-δ Fuel Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

A series of strontium titanates-vanadates (STVN) with nominal cation composition Sr1-xTi1-y-zVyNizO3-δ (x = 0-0.04, y = 0.20-0.40 and z = 0.02-0.12) were prepared by a solid-state reaction route in 10% H2-N2 atmosphere and characterized under reducing conditions as potential fuel electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Detailed phase evolution studies using XRD and SEM/EDS demonstrated that firing at temperatures as high as 1200 °C is required to eliminate undesirable secondary phases. Under such conditions, nickel tends to segregate as a metallic phase and is unlikely to incorporate into the perovskite lattice. Ceramic samples sintered at 1500 °C exhibited temperature-activated electrical conductivity that showed a weak p(O2) dependence and increased with vanadium content, reaching a maximum of ~17 S/cm at 1000 °C. STVN ceramics showed moderate thermal expansion coefficients (12.5-14.3 ppm/K at 25-1100 °C) compatible with that of yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ). Porous STVN electrodes on 8YSZ solid electrolytes were fabricated at 1100 °C and studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 700-900 °C in an atmosphere of diluted humidified H2 under zero DC conditions. As-prepared STVN electrodes demonstrated comparatively poor electrochemical performance, which was attributed to insufficient intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and agglomeration of metallic nickel during the high-temperature synthetic procedure. Incorporation of an oxygen-ion-conducting Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ phase (20-30 wt.%) and nano-sized Ni as electrocatalyst (≥1 wt.%) into the porous electrode structure via infiltration resulted in a substantial improvement in electrochemical activity and reduction of electrode polarization resistance by 6-8 times at 900 °C and ≥ one order of magnitude at 800 °C.

Complex coacervates of ß-lactoglobulin/sodium alginate for the microencapsulation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil: Simulated gastrointestinal conditions and modeling release kinetics.

This study evaluated the most appropriate conditions (pH and biopolymers ratio) for the formation of the complex between ß-lactoglobulin (ß-lg) and sodium alginate (NaAlg). Furthermore, we microencapsulated black pepper essential oil (EO) using these biopolymers and transglutaminase as a cross-linking agent, and stability during in vitro digestion and its release in food models were studied. A ratio of 17:1 (ß-lg/NaAlg) at a pH of 4.5 was the optimal condition for the formation of the complex. The encapsulation efficiency (85.01% ± 0.26) and chemical and morphological characteristics suggested that black pepper EO was microencapsulated using polymers and cross-linking agent naturals. The particle size demonstrated that the capsules produced were on micro scale. The black pepper EO microcapsules lost lower release in water, and the Rigger-Peppas model indicated that the Fickian diffusion mechanism occurred. The microcapsules demonstrated a low release of black pepper EO during oral and gastric digestion and a higher release in intestinal digestion. The black pepper EO after digestion presented high stability (84.8% ± 0.07), and bioaccessibility (31.16% ± 0.3). The results suggest that the black pepper EO was microencapsulated and, preserved in aqueous food model and during oral and gastric conditions tested in vitro.

Maternal and congenital infections arising from Zika, dengue and Chikungunya arboviruses in Salvador, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Salvador was one of the Brazilian cities most affected during the 2015 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with enrolment of parturients and their newborns. RESULTS: Positive IgM antibodies for ZIKV, dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) were present in 6.9, 11.9 and 22.8% of the parturients, and IgG antibodies were detected in 72.3, 92.3 and 38.6%, respectively. No cases of DENV congenital infection were identified. ZIKV and CHIKV congenital infections were observed in 16.5 and 13% of newborns, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High exposure rates to the three arboviruses and the identification of newborns with ZIKV and CHIKV congenital infections reinforces the necessity of ZIKV and CHIKV prenatal and neonatal screening in endemic regions.

Traslación a atención primaria de programas de intervención en el estilo de vida para prevenir la diabetes tipo 2 / Transferring to primary care the lifestyle-based type 2 diabetes prevention programmes

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