ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two liquid diets and the use of environmental enrichment (EE) in individually housed calves fed in open buckets. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with factor 1 as the liquid diets: Whole Milk (WM) or Milk Replacer (MR); and factor 2 as absence or presence of environmental enrichment (brushes and a dry teat). Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were distributed in four treatments: (1) WM; (2) WM + EE; (3) MR; and (4) MR + EE. Calves had free access to water and calf starter concentrate and were fed in a step-up/step-down feeding program and were weaned at 56 days of age. There was no effect of the association of different liquid diets with EE on the performance of the animals. The association of liquid diet with EE did not affect metabolic parameters, but WM-fed calves had higher concentrations of ß-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.05). Likewise, the interaction of liquid diet and EE did not affect the faecal score (P > 0.05), but animals fed with MR had more fluid faeces (P < 0.05). There was no change in the animals' behavioural repertoire as a function of liquid diets associated with EE. The animals used the EE approximately 1.4% of the time only and vocalized for 1.7% or performed non-nutritive feeding for 1.9%. There was a tendency (P < 0.06) for a reduction in vocalization by EE availability. However, the possibility of improved animal welfare using environmental enrichment is not ruled out since the animals vocalized less during the weaning process.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Diet , 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Body Weight , Cattle , Diet/veterinary , Milk , Water , WeaningABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar casos de trauma ocular relacionados à queda da própria altura em idosos e comparar a prevalência e gravidade dos atendimentos. Métodos: Foi realizado uma série de casos em 52 pacientes com 60 anos ou mais dentro do período de 36 meses, compreendido entre janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014, com história de trauma ocular relacionado à queda da própria altura, onde foi avaliada a prevalência conforme o sexo, necessidade de internação e de cirurgia, sequela visual e a gravidade dos casos. Resultados: Trinta e três (63,5%) dos 52 pacientes eram do sexo feminino, sendo 30,3% desses com necessidade cirúrgica e 18,2% com sequelas visuais, outros 19 (36,5%) eram do sexo masculino, sendo 42,1% desses com necessidade cirúrgica e 26,3% com sequelas visuais. Conclusão: Foi mais prevalente o atendimento de casos de trauma ocular relacionado à queda da própria altura em mulheres, mas a gravidade dos atendimentos foi maior nos homens.
ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate ocular trauma cases related to falling in elderly patients e compare the prevalence and severity of the cases. Methods: A series of cases was made with 52 patients aging 60 or more within the period of 36 months presenting ocular trauma related to falling, whereas the prevalence between the gender, the need for hospitalization or surgery and subsequent visual deficit were evaluated, as well as the severity of the cases. Results: Thirty-three (63.5%) of 52 patients were from the female gender, over which 30.3% had need for surgery and 18.2% developed visual deficit and 19 (36.5%) were from the male gender where 42.1% needed surgery and 26.3% developed visual deficit. Conclusions: The study has shown a higher prevalence of cases in the female gender, although the severity was higher in the male gender.
