Dunbar syndrome - case report.

Dunbar syndrome is diagnosed by excluding other possible causes of abdominal pains. Surgical treatment comprises complete dissection of the ligament and the surrounding nerve ganglion. This report describes the case of a previously healthy 45-year-old male patient who presented with epigastric abdominal pain irradiating to the back and weakness. Initially, abdominal computed tomography was ordered, showing arteriopathy of the celiac trunk and mesenteric artery with stenosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment because of the refractory pain, but findings were nonspecific. It was necessary to continue workup with serial angiotomography to follow the case. After around 6 months, thickening of the arcuate ligament was found, with compression of the proximal third of the celiac trunk and 80% stenosis. The patient therefore underwent laparoscopy to relieve celiac trunk compression, with satisfactory postoperative recovery.

ZnO microrods sandwiched between layered CNF matrix: Fabrication, stress transfer, and mechanical properties.

Functional metal oxide particles are often added to the polymers to prepare flexible functional polymer composites with adequate mechanical properties. ZnO and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) outstand among these metal oxides and the polymer matrices respectively due to their various advantages. Herein, we in situ prepare ZnO microrods in the presence of CNF, which resultes in a layered composite structure. The ZnO microrods are sandwiched between the CNF layers and strongly bind to highly charged CNF, which provides a better stress transfer during mechanical activity. Digital image correction (DIC) and finite element analysis-based computational homogenization methods are used to investigate the relationship between mechanical properties and composite structure, and the stress transfer to the ZnO microrods. Full-field strain measurements in DIC reveal that the in situ ZnO microrods preparation leads to their homogenous distribution in the CNF matrix unlike other methods, which require external means such as ultrasonication. The computational homogenization technique provides a fairly good insight into the stress transfer between constituents in microstructure as well as a good prediction of macroscopic mechanical properties, which otherwise, would be challenging to be assessed by any ordinary mechanical testing in the layered composites. Finally, we also demonstrate that these composites could be used as physiological motion sensors for human health monitoring.

Linear quadratic regulator design via metaheuristics applied to the damping of low-frequency oscillations in power systems.

This paper proposes the application of control by state feedback using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimized by metaheuristics to damp low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in electrical power systems. The current sensitivity model was used to represent the single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system in the time domain. The weighting matrices of the LQR were adjusted using four different algorithms: (i) the genetic algorithm, (ii) the differential evolution algorithm, (iii) the particle swarm optimization algorithm, and (iv) the gray wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. In the cases considered, disturbances were applied to the electrical power system and, then, performances comparisons associated with each metaheuristic were statistically analyzed, in which the number of iterations, error, and time to achieve convergence of each algorithm were compared. From the results, it was possible to conclude that the algorithms were efficient in adjusting the weighting matrices of the LQR, providing additional damping to the poles of interest of the system. It was also possible to conclude that the GWO algorithm presented the best performance, accrediting it as a powerful tool in the study of small-signal stability for the analyzed case.

Diagnosis and Endoscopic Treatment of Hemobilia Due to Biliary Angiodysplasia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hemobilia is described as bleeding from the intra- or extrahepatic biliary tree expressed through the major duodenal papilla into the duodenum, with angiodysplasia of the major biliary duct as a rare etiological factor with few cases reported in the literature. Cholangioscopy plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and making therapeutic decisions regarding biliary tract lesions. We report a case of the diagnosis and treatment of hemobilia secondary to bleeding from angiodysplasia of the major biliary duct, which was resolved after the placement of a fully covered metallic stent, with a review of the literature.

Avaliação dos serviços prestados pelos consórcios públicos intermunicipais de Minas Gerais na perspectiva de gestores de saúde / Evaluation of services provided by public intermunicipal consortia in Minas Gerais from the perspective of health managers

Introdução: um dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é a descentralização de serviços de saúde, com uma única direção em cada esfera de governo e tendo os estados e municípios responsabilidade compartilhada pela gestão de políticas públicas. A autonomia municipal tornou-se mais factível por meio de acordos de cooperação, entre os entes interessados na realização de um mesmo objetivo. Dessa cooperação, resultam os consórcios interfederativos, que são associações voluntárias seja por meio de municípios, estados e/ou união. Assim como ocorrem em outras regiões do país, os consórcios de saúde em Minas Gerais existem devido a uma necessidade dos municípios de se unirem, já que sozinhos, não conseguiriam prestar determinado tipo de serviço para a sociedade. A avaliação precisa ser pensada não só como um julgamento do serviço que está sendo prestado, mas também como uma oportunidade de mudanças. Objetivo: avaliar os serviços prestados pelos Consórcios Intermunicipais de Saúde em Minas Gerais na perspectiva de gestores municipais. Metodologia: do ponto de vista metodológico trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que foi realizada com os gestores municipais de saúde do estado de Minas Gerais nas 14 Macrorregiões de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado, de fevereiro a setembro de 2023. O projeto foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e a coleta de dados só foi iniciada após aprovação. A realização das entrevistas ocorreu entre março e setembro de 2023, sendo utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado. Considerando que se trata de investigação para um Programa de Mestrado Profissional e do curto tempo para a pesquisa, optou-se pela quantidade pré-definida de 14 participantes. As entrevistas foram gravadas, ouvidas na totalidade, transcritas e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo, seguindo a modalidade de Análise Temática. Resultados e discussão: foram organizadas três categorias de análise: a primeira aborda a participação dos consórcios na Rede de Atenção à Saúde, a qual foi relacionada com a referência e contrarreferência, Transporte Sanitário Eletivo, atenção especializada e compra de medicamentos. Na segunda categoria, foi apresentado o alcance das finalidades propostas, abordando a atenção especializada e o consórcio de saúde como uma ferramenta importante para os municípios de pequeno porte. Na terceira e última categoria, foram apresentadas as potencialidades e fragilidades, com destaque para a discussão de pontos como a distância do consórcio, o valor dos procedimentos, a variedade de procedimentos e a qualidade do serviço. O estudo revelou que os participantes reconhecem a importância do consórcio para a integração da Rede de Atenção à Saúde. Contudo, mesmo sabendo da importância dos consórcios, nem sempre os serviços são prestados da melhor maneira para os pacientes do SUS. Considerações finais: durante a realização deste estudo, ficou evidente a necessidade de os gestores entenderem a Rede de Atenção à Saúde e saber da importância que os consórcios têm na rede para ajudar os municípios a prestarem os serviços para a população. Cabe ressaltar que o consórcio de saúde representa uma valiosa estratégia que pode auxiliar os municípios a fortalecerem seu fluxo dentro da Rede de Atenção à Saúde.

Introduction: one of the principles of the Unified Health System (UHS) is the decentralization of health services, with a single direction in each sphere of government and states and municipalities having shared responsibility for the management of public policies. Municipal autonomy became more feasible through cooperation agreements between entities interested in achieving the same objective. This cooperation results in interfederative consortia, which are voluntary associations whether through municipalities, states and/or unions. As in other regions of the country, health consortia in Minas Gerais exist due to a need for municipalities to come together, as alone they would not be able to provide a certain type of service to society. Evaluation needs to be thought of not only as a judgment of the service being provided, but also as an opportunity for change. Objective: to evaluate the services provided by Intermunicipal Health Consortia in Minas Gerais from the perspective of municipal managers. Methodology: from a methodological point of view, this is a research with a qualitative approach, which was carried out with municipal health managers in the state of Minas Gerais in the 14 Health Macroregions. Data were collected through interviews with a semi-structured script, from February to September 2023. The project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais and data collection only began after approval. The interviews took place between March and September 2023, using a semi-structured script. Considering that this is research for a Professional Master's Program and the short time for the research, a pre-defined number of 14 participants was chosen. The interviews were recorded, listened to in full, transcribed and submitted to Content Analysis, following the Thematic Analysis modality. Results and discussion: three categories of analysis were organized: the first addresses the participation of consortia in the Health Care Network, which was related to referral and counter-referral, Elective Health Transport, specialized care and purchase of medicines. In the second category, the scope of the proposed purposes was presented, addressing specialized care and the health consortium as an important tool for small municipalities. In the third and final category, the strengths and weaknesses were presented, with emphasis on the discussion of points such as the distance from the consortium, the value of the procedures, the variety of procedures and the quality of the service. The study revealed that participants recognize the importance of the consortium for the integration of the Health Care Network. However, even knowing the importance of consortia, services are not always provided in the best way for SUS patients. Final considerations: during this study, it became evident the need for managers to understand the Health Care Network and know the importance that consortia have in the network to help municipalities provide services to the population. It is worth noting that the health consortium represents a valuable strategy that can help municipalities strengthen their flow within the Health Care Network.

Nephroprotective effects of Lippia sidoides ethanolic extract against ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury

Abstract Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) is commonly related to acute kidney injury (AKI) and oxidative stress. Antioxidant agents are used to treat this condition. Lippia sidoides is a brazillian shrub with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Lippia sidoides ethanolic extract (LSEE) on in vivo and in vitro models of AKI induced by I/R. Male Wistar rats were submitted to unilateral nephrectomy and ischemia on contralateral kidney for 60 min via clamping followed by reperfusion for 48 h. They were divided into four groups: Sham, LSEE (sham-operated rats pre-treated with LSEE), I/R (rats submitted to ischemia) and I/R-LSEE (rats treated with LSEE before ischemia). Kidney tissues homogenates were used to determine stress parameters and nephrin expression. Plasma and urine samples were collected for biochemical analysis. I/R in vitro assays were evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays in Rhesus Monkey Kidney Epithelial Cells (LLC-MK2). The LSEE treatment prevented biochemical and nephrin expression alterations, as well as oxidative stress parameters. In the in vitro assay, LSEE protected against cell death, reduced the reactive oxygen species and increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. LSEE showed biotechnological potential for a new phytomedicine as a nephroprotective agent.

Síndrome de Dunbar - relato de caso / Dunbar syndrome - case report

Resumo A síndrome de Dunbar constitui um diagnóstico de exclusão dentro dos quadros de dor abdominal. O tratamento cirúrgico consiste na dissecção completa do ligamento e do gânglio nervoso circundante. Dessa forma, o presente caso refere-se a um paciente do sexo masculino, 45 anos, previamente hígido, com queixa de dor abdominal epigástrica com irradiação para o dorso e fraqueza. Inicialmente, foi realizada tomografia computadorizada de abdome para complementação do quadro, que evidenciou arteriopatia do tronco celíaco e da artéria mesentérica em associação com estenose. Optou-se por tratamento cirúrgico devido à refratariedade da dor, mas os achados foram inespecíficos. Houve necessidade de complementação da propedêutica com angiotomografia seriada para acompanhamento do caso. Após cerca de 6 meses, notou-se espessamento do ligamento arqueado, com compressão do terço proximal do tronco celíaco e estenose de 80%. Em meio a esse cenário, o paciente foi submetido a laparoscopia para descompressão do tronco celíaco, evoluindo satisfatoriamente no pós-operatório.

Abstract Dunbar syndrome is diagnosed by excluding other possible causes of abdominal pains. Surgical treatment comprises complete dissection of the ligament and the surrounding nerve ganglion. This report describes the case of a previously healthy 45-year-old male patient who presented with epigastric abdominal pain irradiating to the back and weakness. Initially, abdominal computed tomography was ordered, showing arteriopathy of the celiac trunk and mesenteric artery with stenosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment because of the refractory pain, but findings were nonspecific. It was necessary to continue workup with serial angiotomography to follow the case. After around 6 months, thickening of the arcuate ligament was found, with compression of the proximal third of the celiac trunk and 80% stenosis. The patient therefore underwent laparoscopy to relieve celiac trunk compression, with satisfactory postoperative recovery.

A parametrized nonlinear predictive control strategy for relaxing COVID-19 social distancing measures in Brazil.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first registered in Brazil by the end of February 2020. Since then, the country counts over 150000 deaths due to COVID-19 and faces a profound social and economic crisis; there is also an ongoing health catastrophe, with the majority of hospital beds in many Brazilian cities currently occupied with COVID-19 patients. Thus, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) scheme used to plan appropriate social distancing measures (and relaxations) in order to mitigate the effects of this pandemic is formulated in this paper. The strategy is designed upon an adapted data-driven Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Deceased (SIRD) model, which includes time-varying auto-regressive immunological parameters. A novel identification procedure is proposed, composed of analytical regressions, Least-Squares optimization and auto-regressive model fits. The adapted SIRD model is validated with real data and able to adequately represent the contagion curves over large forecast horizons. The NMPC strategy is designed to generate piecewise constant quarantine guidelines, which can be reassessed (relaxed/strengthened) each week. Simulation results show that the proposed NMPC technique is able to mitigate the number of infections and progressively loosen social distancing measures. With respect to a "no-control" condition, the number of deaths could be reduced in up to 30% if the proposed NMPC coordinated health policy measures are enacted.

Blooming artifact reduction using different cone-beam computed tomography software to analyze endodontically treated teeth with intracanal posts.

BACKGROUND: The appearance of high-density root obturating materials, such as gutta-percha and intracanal posts, on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans is substantially different from that seen in the specimen. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different CBCT software in the reduction of blooming artifacts when examining teeth with intracanal posts. METHOD: The sample included 42 human single-rooted teeth with two types of posts: G1 - low-fusion alloy posts; G2 - gold alloy posts. CBCT scans were obtained using two scanners, PreXion 3D Elite® and Carestream 9000C 3D®. First, the posts were measured using a digital micrometer (standard reference, control). Post diameters were determined using the Blooming Artifact Reduction (BAR) tool of the e-Vol DX software and of the PreXion3D Image Analysis System. Statistical data were evaluated using the van Der Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance and, after that, normalized data were analyzed using the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 5 %. RESULTS: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the diameters of intracanal posts on the CT scans when the e-Vol DX was used, or when these results were compared with those obtained using a micrometer. There were significant differences in post diameters determined using the PreXion3D Image Analysis System when compared with the e-Vol DX and the micrometer values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the e-Vol DX BAR filter eliminated blooming artifacts. There were no dimensional changes in the CBCT images of the low-fusion and gold alloy intracanal posts using the e-Vol DX BAR filter.

Intestinal malrotation, mesocolic hernia, and Meckel diverticulum - differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in adults: case report and literature review

Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly caused by incomplete rotation or absence of rotation of the primitive intestine along the axis of the upper mesenteric artery during embryonic development. Embryonic development and its anatomical variations were described by Dott in 1923. Intestinal malrotation is a rare condition among adults - prevalent in a mere 0.0001% to 0.19% of the population -, and it may be associated with other anatomical deformities. It can be asymptomatic or manifest with varying intensity, from obstruction to necrosis of intestinal segments. In general, this abnormality is diagnosed in the first year of life; however, symptomsmay appear later in life,making diagnosis in adults difficult on account of non-specific symptoms. In the present study, we report a case of intestinal malrotation associated with chronic non-specific symptoms progressing to mesenteric angina. (AU)

A control framework to optimize public health policies in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic triggered substantial economic and social disruptions. Mitigation policies varied across countries based on resources, political conditions, and human behavior. In the absence of widespread vaccination able to induce herd immunity, strategies to coexist with the virus while minimizing risks of surges are paramount, which should work in parallel with reopening societies. To support these strategies, we present a predictive control system coupled with a nonlinear model able to optimize the level of policies to stop epidemic growth. We applied this system to study the unfolding of COVID-19 in Bahia, Brazil, also assessing the effects of varying population compliance. We show the importance of finely tuning the levels of enforced measures to achieve SARS-CoV-2 containment, with periodic interventions emerging as an optimal control strategy in the long-term.

Potential of a New Cone-Beam CT Software for Blooming Artifact Reduction.

This study evaluated the dimensions of intraradicular posts using a new cone beam CT (CBCT) software, and verified the potential of blooming artifact reduction. Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were shaped, obturated, prepared for intracanal post placement and distributed into three groups: G1: anatomically customized prefabricated glass fiber posts; G2: low-fusion alloy posts; G3: gold alloy posts. After post fabrication and luting with RelyX U200®, specimens were sectioned axially at 9 mm from the root apex, and markings were made on the root surfaces (X-, Y- and Z-axes). The dimensions of the original posts (control group) were measured using a digital micrometer. CBCT scans of the teeth were obtained using a PreXion 3D Elite® scanner. Posts were measured on CBCT scans using DICOM files and the e-Vol DX software. A specific filter, Blooming Artefact Reduction (BAR), was developed to analyze intracanal posts. Statistical data were evaluated using the Van de Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance and, after that, normalized data were analyzed using the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. The measures of the anatomical prefabricated, low-fusion alloy and gold alloy intracanal posts obtained using the e-Vol DX CBCT software and a micrometer were not significantly different (p>0.05). The use of the BAR filter of the e-Vol DX software application did not induce any dimensional differences on CBCT scans of intracanal posts when compared with measurements made with a micrometer on original posts. The use of the BAR filter eliminated blooming artifacts.

Potential of a new cone-beam ct software for blooming artifact reduction

Abstract This study evaluated the dimensions of intraradicular posts using a new cone beam CT (CBCT) software, and verified the potential of blooming artifact reduction. Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were shaped, obturated, prepared for intracanal post placement and distributed into three groups: G1: anatomically customized prefabricated glass fiber posts; G2: low-fusion alloy posts; G3: gold alloy posts. After post fabrication and luting with RelyX U200®, specimens were sectioned axially at 9 mm from the root apex, and markings were made on the root surfaces (X-, Y- and Z-axes). The dimensions of the original posts (control group) were measured using a digital micrometer. CBCT scans of the teeth were obtained using a PreXion 3D Elite® scanner. Posts were measured on CBCT scans using DICOM files and the e-Vol DX software. A specific filter, Blooming Artefact Reduction (BAR), was developed to analyze intracanal posts. Statistical data were evaluated using the Van de Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance and, after that, normalized data were analyzed using the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. The measures of the anatomical prefabricated, low-fusion alloy and gold alloy intracanal posts obtained using the e-Vol DX CBCT software and a micrometer were not significantly different (p>0.05). The use of the BAR filter of the e-Vol DX software application did not induce any dimensional differences on CBCT scans of intracanal posts when compared with measurements made with a micrometer on original posts. The use of the BAR filter eliminated blooming artifacts.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou as dimensões de pinos intrarradiculares usando um novo software de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) e um micrômetro digital, e verificou o potencial da redução do artefato de contraste do branco. Sessenta e três dentes humanos unirradiculares foram modelados, obturados, preparados para colocação de pinos e distribuídos em três grupos: G1: pino de fibra de vidro pré-fabricado anatômico; G2: pino metálico de liga de baixa fusão; G3: pino metálico de liga de ouro. Após a confecção e cimentação dos pinos com RelyX U200®, os espécimes foram cortados no sentido axial a 9 mm do ápice radicular, sendo efetuadas marcações em suas superfícies radiculares (eixos X, Y e Z) para orientação das medidas e sincronizações das imagens. Foi utilizado um micrômetro digital para a mensuração das dimensões dos pinos originais (grupo controle) associado ao microscópio operatório. Posteriormente, as imagens em TCFC foram obtidas usando o PreXion 3D Elite®. Para a mensuração dos pinos nas imagens de TCFC utilizou-se o arquivo DICOM e a ferramenta de medida do software e-Vol DX, configurada para medidas milesimais, com o filtro BAR (Blooming Artifact Reduction). Os dados estatísticos foram avaliados com a análise de variância não-paramétrica de Van der Waerden, seguida pelo Teste de Tukey aplicado aos dados normalizados. O nível de significância foi de α = 5%. Os resultados mostraram que as medidas dos diâmetros dos pinos intrarradiculares (fibra de vidro anatômico, metálico liga de baixa fusão, e em liga de ouro) usando o software e-Vol DX e o micrômetro não mostram diferenças significativas entre si. O uso do filtro BAR do software e-Vol DX não induziu diferenças dimensionais nas imagens de TCFC dos pinos quando comparadas às medidas realizadas com o micrômetro sobre os pinos originais. O uso do filtro BAR eliminou artefatos de contraste do branco.

Could orthodontic fixed appliances and excess weight affect gingival health in adolescents?

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of being overweight or obese while wearing orthodontic fixed appliances on the prevalence of gingivitis in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 334 adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years, were recruited from 3 public schools in Cuiabá, Brazil. Participants were divided in dichotomized categories of body mass index (BMI) (under and normal weight or overweight and obesity) and fixed orthodontic appliance usage (yes or no). Gingival inflammation was evaluated by Löe & Silness index. Socioeconomic status was determined by the criteria of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies, and sugar consumption was assessed by a questionnaire of dietary habits. The statistical analysis was performed with P <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: In a multivariate linear regression model, gingivitis was directly related to BMI (%) variation and orthodontic appliance use. In addition, excess weight seemed to be 2 times more relevant in predicting gingivitis than orthodontic fixed appliance usage. A strong positive correlation was observed between BMI (%) variation and gingival index (ρ = 0.97, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontic fixed appliance usage and excess weight were associated with increased gingivitis in adolescents; BMI (%) variation was the most significant predictor of gingival inflammation.

First Aldol Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel: Fast and Hydrolytically Stable Hydrogel with Tissue Adhesive Properties.

Currently, there are limited approaches to tailor 3D scaffolds cross-linked with a stable covalent C-C bond that does not require any catalysts or initiators. We present here the first hydrogels employing aldol condensation chemistry that exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties. We investigated the aldol-cross-linking chemistry using two types of aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives, namely, an enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-Eal) and a non-enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-Nal). Hydrogels formed using HA-Eal demonstrate inferior cross-linking efficiency (due to intramolecular loop formation), when compared with hydrogels formed by mixing HA-Eal and HA-NaI leading to a cross-aldol product. The change in mechanical properties as a result of cross-linking at different pH values is determined using rheological measurements and is interpreted in terms of molecular weight between cross-links (Mc). The novel HA cross-aldol hydrogel demonstrate excellent hydrolytic stability and favorable mechanical properties but allow hyaluronidase-mediated enzymatic degradation. Interestingly, residual aldehyde functionality within the aldol product rendered the tissue-adhesive properties by bonding two bone tissues. The aldehyde functionality also facilitated facile post-synthetic modifications with nucleophilic reagents. Finally, we demonstrate that the novel hydrogel is biocompatible with encapsulated stem cells that show a linear rate of expansion in our 3-6 days of study.

Heritability of hip dysplasia: Preliminary results for German Shepherd dogs in Brazil.

The heritability of canine hip dysplasia in German Shepherd dogs was estimated using Bayesian methods. Data on hip score and status of 1632 dogs born from 1990 to 2013 were provided by the Brazilian Society of German Shepherd Breeders. Heritability estimates (mean ± standard deviation) were 0.1979 ± 0.058 for hip scores and 0.187 ± 0.055 for hip status. We observed no phenotypic trends and a small rate of genetic trend (0.52%) according to the year of birth, probably because of ineffective phenotypic selection and absence of genetic selection. The heritability estimates in this study can be used to achieve effective selective breeding and genetic gains, which in turn can result in improvements in dog health and welfare.