ABSTRACT
Moral Foundations Theory proposes that five innate modules offer an intuitive response that drives our moral judgments. Various instruments were developed to measure the five moral foundations, including the MFV and the MFQ-30 which focus on deliberative moral reasoning. This approach is limited because intuitions are more basic and affect-laden. The Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale (MFSS) was designed to elicit responses that more closely resemble these phenomena. However, studies have not converged on a factorial structure for the MFSS, and measurement invariance has never been assessed. Our study sought to evaluate these properties across four adult samples, via Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, and the associations between the MFSS's scales and relevant constructs. We found that a two-factor solution, reflecting the individualizing and binding foundations, had a reasonable fit, and had invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across gender, age groups, and (configural) four international samples. The scales were reliable, had construct validity with the MFQ-30, and criterion-related validity with the binding moderately predicting belief in God/spirit and religious behaviors. The convergence we found regarding the MFSS's factorial structure across groups has important implications for the dimensionality of these constructs, and - ultimately - for the development of Moral Foundations Theory.
Subject(s)
Judgment , Morals , Adult , Humans , Problem SolvingABSTRACT
The Schwartz Model of Basic Values is an influential framework that describes what people find important and worth pursuing in life. The model proposes that ten human values are found cross-culturally, and so significant efforts have gone into empirically testing these claims. While instruments such as the Portrait Values Questionnaire-40 (PVQ-40) reliably discriminated the full set of theorized values, briefer versions have either suffered from a lack of construct validity (PVQ-21) or from not having been put through a rigorous statistical test of its underlying structure (Twenty Item Values Inventory [TwIVI]) via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The present study, using a Portuguese sample of adults (n = 524), is the first to examine the factorial structure of the TwIVI via CFA. We apply a magnifying glass approach by testing two separate models, each covering five values, which reflect the Growth and Self-protective dimensions. Moreover, we provide evidences that the TwIVI is reliable and capable of capturing the theorized quasi-circumplex structure, and the cross-cultural gender differences and relative hierarchical importance of values. Finally, we establish criterion-related validity, with values correlating with political identity and social and economic issues.
Subject(s)
Reproducibility of Results , Adult , Humans , Portugal , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , PsychometricsABSTRACT
O desarranjo interno da articulação temporo mandibular acomete cerca de 30% da população, sendo que apenas 5% requerem algum tipo de intervenção cirúrgica. A discectomia tem sido empregada quando o disco encontra-se comprometido estruturalmente, deslocado, na dor secundária em desarranjos com estágio avançado (Wilks IV e V) ou na permanência da disfunção após cirurgia prévia de reposicionamento do disco, artroscopia/artrocentese e condilectomia. Considerando-se que o sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico da articulação temporo mandibular diminui com o aumento no número de procedimentos prévios e que o reposicionamento cirúrgico do disco articular não tem se mostrado tão efetivo em longo prazo, estudos recentes têm mostrado que a discectomia tem sido o procedimento cirúrgico com maior probabilidade de sucesso e com menor morbidade quando indicado como primeira opção terapêutica.
The internal derangement of the temporomandibular affects about 30% of the population, and only 5% require some kind surgery. The most frequent indication currently published for discectomys pain secondary to late-stage internal derangement (Wilkes stages IV to V), in which the degrees of disc deformity, degeneration, or displacement, and the inelasticity of the anterior attachment, precludeits successful surgical repositioning. Another indication includes discectomy after failed surgical disc repositioning, arthroscopy. Considering that disc repositioning and disc replacement surgery have not been shown to be effective long term, and that the eventual fate of most operated joints is discectomy, then the selection of the surgical procedure with the highest probability of success and the least morbidity should be considered primarily. The aim of this article is show a case report of a female pacient that fail a conservative treatment with occlusal splint and Arthrocentesis, being subjected to discectomy for treatment of internal derangements.
