Total Testosterone and Cortisol During Wheelchair Rugby Training in Athletes With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

CONTEXT: Hormonal assessment in the sport context is important to monitor the physiological adaptations of athletes. However, Paralympic athletes, especially with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), may have different hormonal responses than nondisabled athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the blood concentrations of total testosterone (TT) and cortisol (C) during acute (one training session) and chronic (1 and 2 month) training of athletes with CSCI in wheelchair rugby (WCR). DESIGN: Longitudinal and observational study. METHODS: Eight high-performance athletes with CSCI (31 [3.9] y; 75.6 [15.8] kg; 22.9 [4.2] kg/m2 body mass index; 6.2 [2] y of experience in sport) were evaluated at 3 different intervals (evaluations 1, 2, and 3 [E1, E2, and E3]) over 2 months of training. TT and C blood were evaluated before (pre) and after (post) the training sessions at each training moment, as well as the training load through the ratings of perceived exertion. RESULTS: Athletes with CSCI had low TT concentrations. In acute training sessions, at E3, C decreases after the training session, unlike the TT/C ratio, which increased after the session. Regarding hormonal changes during chronic training at the end of the training period, unlike C, which increased. The training load (arbitrary units) decreased in E3 when compared with the other evaluation moments. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that in chronic training, TT concentrations decreased, while C increased at the end of the 2 months of training. These results may indicate that training volume was high throughout training and that a reduction in training volume could benefit athletes. On the other hand, in the acute training session with reduced training load, a decrease in C was observed after the training session. This indicates that athletes may be well recovered in this training session. Therefore, we suggest acute and long-term hormonal assessment for athletes with CSCI as a strategy to monitor anabolic/catabolic hormonal status during WCR training.

Body Pose Estimation Integrated With Notational Analysis: A New Approach to Analyze Penalty Kicks Strategy in Elite Football.

Body orientation of football players has proven to be an informative resource related to successful penalty kicks. OpenPose is one of the most popular open-source pose estimation technologies. This study aims: (i) to verify whether OpenPose can detect relevant body orientation angles from video data of penalty kicks in elite football and (ii) to investigate the relationship between these body angles and observable behaviors analyzed via an observational system for penalty kick analysis in football (OSPAF) with the penalty taker and goalkeeper strategy. A total of 34 penalty videos, with standardized viewing angle, from the main European leagues (2017-2020) were analyzed. Relevant body orientation variables were selected for penalty kicks analysis and were extracted from video data through OpenPose technique. The OSPAF, previously validated by experts, was used. The mean confidence score of OpenPose measures was 0.80 ± 0.14. OpenPose Retest reliability values was 0.976 ± 0.03. Logistic regressions were performed to investigate the relationship between OpenPose investigated variables (penalty taker: shoulder, hips, and nonkicking foot orientation; goalkeeper: right and left foot, anticipation), observable behaviors (OSPAF variables), and the strategy (penalty taker: goalkeeper dependent or independent; goalkeeper: shooter dependent or independent) in penalty kicks. The selected body orientation angle (goalkeeper anticipation) measured through OpenPose correlated significantly with the goalkeeper strategy. The prediction model of the goalkeeper's strategy had its accuracy increased to 97% when the variable goalkeeper anticipation was included [ χ ( 35 ) 2 = 49.648, p < 0.001]. Lower degrees of goalkeeper anticipation, the goalkeeper tactical action (awaiting), and run up speed (slow) were associated with a kicker-dependent strategy. Regarding the penalty taker, the selected body angles measured through OpenPose did not associate significantly with the shooter strategy. Body orientation analysis by using OpenPose has shown sufficient reliability and provides practical applications for analyzing the strategies adopted by goalkeepers in penalty kicks in elite football.

Training load, stress, recovery, mood, and motivation of athletes with spinal cord injury in wheelchair rugby during a competitive preseason

Abstract Aim: This study aims to characterize the stress, recovery, mood, and motivation together with the training load of athletes with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) during a period of resumption of wheelchair rugby (WCR) training. Additionally, it aims to compare the psychological and load training aspects during a competitive preseason and determine the correlations between training load, mood, stress, and recovery. Methods: We evaluated variables such as mood (Brazilian Mood Scale, BRAMS), stress and recovery (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes, RESTQ-Sport 76) and training load (Subjective Perception of Effort - SPE) of eight high-performance athletes of wheelchair rugby with CSCIs at three different times (E1 = returning from vacation, E2 = half of the preseason, and E3 = after 2 months of training) for 2 months at a monthly interval. We also evaluated motivation (Sport Motivation Scale) at E1 and E3. Results: Results indicated few changes during the competitive preseason in terms of stress, recovery, and mood. However, the training load decreased toward the end of this period. Furthermore, we found that physical complaints positively correlated with depression when resuming training. In the middle of the competitive preseason period, we also noted positive correlations between conflict/pressure and fatigue and between fatigue and energy loss. At the end of this period, the SPE and arbitrary units correlated positively with conflict/pressure. Conclusion: We found few changes during the competitive preseason in terms of stress, recovery, and mood but not motivation, which did not change during this period. On the other hand, the training load decreased at the end of the competitive preseason. Furthermore, we observed correlations between training load and psychological aspects at different times.

Design and Validation of an Observational System for Penalty Kick Analysis in Football (OSPAF).

The analysis of penalty kick has played an important role in performance analysis. The study aims are to get formal feedback on the relevance of variables for penalty kick analysis, to design and validate an observational system; and to assess experts' opinion on the optimum video footage in penalty kick analysis. A structured development process was adopted for content validity, reliability and agreement on video usage. All observational variables included in OSPAF showed Aiken's V values above the cut-off (for 5-scale V> 0.64; for 2-scale = V > 0.75; p < 0.05). Cohen's Kappa resulted in mean intra- and inter-rater reliability values of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. It is recommended to combine at least three different viewing angles (V = 0.90; p = 0.006) with standardization of video quality (V = 0.95; p = 0.006). Changing the viewing angles may influence the observer perception (V = 0.86; p = 0.006). The aerial and pitch-level viewing angle behind the penalty taker and pitch-level viewing angle behind the goalkeeper were indicated as most appropriate for observational analysis (V = 0.97; p = 0.01). The OSPAF met all requirements of instrument validation. It may be recommended as basis of future observational systems on penalty kicks.

Visual search strategy and anticipation in tactical behavior of young soccer players.

The aim of the present study was to compare the visual search strategy (VSS) and anticipation between two groups of young players of different efficiencies in tactical behavior (TB). A total of 44 Brazilian male soccer players aged 14.00 (± 1.06) years from three regional clubs participated in the study. TB was assessed using FUT-SAT; anticipation score was obtained by a video-based assessment, while VSS was performed using the Mobile Eye-XG® system. The soccer players were divided into two groups based on their TB results into those more efficient and those less efficient. The results showed that soccer players with higher efficiency in TB were better at anticipating and performed a higher number of shorter visual fixations and a greater average amount of fixations per location. They were also able to adjust their VSS in performing a longer fixation time on the player in possession of the ball. Therefore, there is support for an integration of visual search strategy and anticipation within tactical behavior. Visual search strategy and anticipation seem to contribute to the efficiency of tactical behavior in young soccer players.

Prevalence of burnout in soccer athletes of the under-20 category over a sports season / Prevalência do burnout em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 ao longo de uma temporada esportiva

ABSTRACT The aims of the current study were: (a) to construct a reference table for burnout in soccer athletes of the U-20 category and (b) to verify the individual oscillations in the perception of these athletes in relation to burnout over three periods of the sports season. In total, 53 U-20 soccer athletes participated. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, Brazilian version, was applied to athletes during training, competition, and vacation periods of the sports season. A reference table was built for under-20 soccer athletes for each assessment period. Fluctuations were observed in the mean values of the total burnout frequency of the athletes during the 3 periods: training ( X ¯=1.35 ± 0.13 and X ¯=2.11 ± 0.19), competition ( X ¯=1.26 ± 0.13 and X ¯=2.27 ± 0.24), and vacation ( X ¯=1.27 ± 0.14 and X ¯= 2.18 ± 0.28). Based on this table and the individual classification of each athlete, it was observed that 32 athletes presented fluctuations in the perception of burnout during the sports season and 21 athletes did not present fluctuations in feelings of burnout during the three evaluation periods. The period with the highest number of athletes (n = 17) with a high level of burnout was the training period. It is concluded that it is not possible to establish a single and collective behavior regarding the fluctuations in burnout levels in athletes of the U-20 category during a sports season, and that the category reference table contributes to greater accuracy of the burnout evaluation in each period in the season.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram (a) construir uma tabela de referência para o burnout em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 e (b) verificar as oscilações individuais na percepção destes atletas em relação ao burnout ao longo de três períodos da temporada esportiva. Participaram 53 atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20. Foi utilizado o Questionário de Burnout para Atleta nos períodos de treinamento, competição e férias durante uma temporada esportiva. Foi construída uma tabela de referência do burnout para atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 para cada período avaliado. Foram encontradas oscilações nos valores médios da frequência do burnout total dos atletas durante os 3 períodos: treinamento( X ¯=1,35±0,13 e X ¯=2,11±0,19), competição ( X ¯=1,26±0,13 e X ¯=2,27±0,24) e férias ( X ¯=1,27±0,14 e X ¯=2,18±0,28).Baseado na tabela de referência e na classificação individual de cada atleta observou-se que 32 atletas apresentaram oscilações na percepção de burnout durante a temporada esportiva e 21 atletas não apresentaram oscilações nos sentimentos de burnout ao longo dos 3 períodos de avaliação. O período que teve o maior número de atletas (n=17) com alto nível de burnout foi o de treinamento. Conclui-se que não é possível estabelecer um comportamento único e coletivo a respeito das oscilações dos níveis de burnout em atletas da categoria sub-20 durante uma temporada esportiva e que a tabela de referência da categoria contribui para uma maior acertibilidade da avaliação do burnout em cada período da temporada.

Oculomotor behavior and the level of repetition in motor practice: Effects on pupil dilation, eyeblinks and visual scanning.

The benefits of less repetitive practice in motor learning have been explained by the increased demand for memory processes during the execution of motor skills. Recently, a new perspective associating increased demand for perception with less repetitive practice has also been proposed. Augmented information gathering and visual scanning characterize this higher perceptual demand. To extend our knowledge about mental effort and perceptual differences in practice organization, the association between oculomotor behavior and type of practice was investigated. We required participants to press four keys with different absolute and relative timing goals during the acquisition phase. An eye-tracker captured visual scanning of the skill's absolute and relative information displayed on the screen. Participants were tested 24 h after acquisition by a retention and transfer test. A higher level of both pupil dilation and amount of eyeblinks indicated an increased mental effort in less repetitive practice compared to more repetitive practice. Visual scanning of the skill's relative and absolute information was specific to the type of practice. The findings indicate many differences in oculomotor behavior associated with the practice schedule.

Stress among sports coaches: a systematic review / El estrés entre los entrenadores deportivos: Una revisión sistemática / Estresse em treinadores esportivos: Uma revisão sistemática

The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on stress among sports coaches. Articles published from 1994 to 2016 were selected from seven electronic databases. The following keywords/terms, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, were used in the search: stress, estrés, estresse, coach(es),entrenador(es),treinador(es). The search for articles in all the databases was independently performed by two researchers. 30 studies were included in this systematic review. All articles selected were assessed as to their methodological quality. The results showed a predominance of qualitative studies for stress assessment among sports coaches. Moreover, it was observed that the coaches were affected by both organisational stressors, such as social isolation, poor training facilities, the need to manage conflict and interference of the athletes’ relatives during training sessions and competitions, and performance stressors, namely, concern with their performance and the athletes’ performance, pressure from the media and the managers to achieve results and concern with the athletes’ injuries. Thus, the results show that the stressors affecting sports coaches are multifactorial and are related to the level of competition of these professionals

El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática acerca del estrés entre entrenadores deportivos. Fueron seleccionados artículos publicados de 1994 a 2016 de siete bases de datos eletrónicas. Las siguientes palabras clave/términos, en inglés, español y portugués, fueron utilizadas en la búsqueda: 'estresse', 'stress', 'estresse', 'coach(es), entrenador(es), treinador(es)'. La búsqueda de los artículos en todos los bancos de datos fue realizada por dos investigadores independientes. 30 (treinta) estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión sistemática y seleccionados de acuerdo con su calidad metodológica que muestra un predominio de estudios cualitativos para la evaluación del estrés entre los entrenadores deportivos. Los entrenadores fueron afectados por factores de estrés organizacionales, tales como aislamiento social, medios de formación pobre, la necesidad de gerenciar el conflicto y la interferencia de los parientes de los atletas durante entrenamientos y competiciones y factores de estrés organizacionales de desempeño, o sea, preocupación con el rendimiento y el desempeño de los atletas, presión de los medios de comunicación y de los gestores para obtener resultados y preocupación con lesiones de los atletas. De esa manera, los resultados muestran que los factores de estrés que afectan los entrenadores deportivos son multifactoriales y están relacionadas con el nivel de competición de eses profesionales. Los estudios futuros deben analizar el tiempo de práctica de los entrenadores porque es una variable que puede interferir con los niveles de estrés

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o estresse entre treinadores esportivos. Os artigos publicados de 1994 a 2016 foram selecionados de sete bases de dados eletrônicas. As seguintes palavraschave / termos em Inglês, Espanhol e Português, foram utilizados na pesquisa: 'estresse', 'stress', 'estrés', 'coach (s), treinador (s), Treinador (s)'. A busca dos artigos em todos os bancos de dados foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes. 30 (trinta) estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática e selecionados de acordo com sua qualidade metodológica, o que mostra uma predominância de estudos qualitativos para a avaliação do estresse entre treinadores esportivos. Os Treinadores foram influenciadas por factores de estresse organizacional, como o isolamento social, pobres condições de trabalho, a necessidade de gerenciar conflitos e a interferência dos familiares dos atletas durante o treinamento. Os treinadores também foram afetados por fatores relacionados ao estresse de desempenho, isto é, a preocupação com o desempenho próprio e o desempenho dos atletas, a pressão da mídia e dos gestores para obtenção de resultados e a preocupação com lesões dos atletas. Dessa forma, os resultados mostram que os fatores de estresse que afetam os treinadores esportivos são multifatoriais e estão relacionados ao nível de competição desses profissionais. Estudos futuros devem analisar o tempo de prática dos treinadores, pois é uma variável que pode interferir nos níveis de estresse

Como ocorreu o processo de término da carreira esportiva de ex-atletas de futebol que disputaram copas do mundo pelo Brasil entre 1966 e 1982? / How did the process of ending the sports career of ex-soccer athletes who played the world cups for Brazil between 1966 and 1982? / ¿Cómo ocurrió el proceso de término de la carrera deportiva de ex atletas de fútbol que disputaron copas del mundo por Brasil entre 1966 y 1982?

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o término da carreira de ex-atletas de futebol que disputaram Copas do Mundo pelo Brasil entre 1966 e 1982. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis ex-atletas. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio de miniunidades. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi organizado em cinco categorias. Os resultados apontam que os ex-atletas não tiveram acesso a uma estrutura profissional para planejar o término da carreira. Eles não conseguiram conciliar a carreira esportiva com os estudos. Foram citados como motivos para o término da carreira: a saturação psicológica, lesões e idade avançada. Os entrevistados tiveram diversas ocupações no pós-carreira, muitas delas relacionadas com o meio esportivo. A família foi a maior fonte de apoio durante o término da carreira. Conclui-se que as causas da aposentadoria dos entrevistados foram multifatoriais e que os ex-atletas não tiveram uma um planejamento estruturado para o término da carreira esportiva.

This study aimed to analyze the end of the career of former soccer players who competed in World Cup for Brazil between 1966 and 1982. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six former athletes. The interviews were analyzed by means of meaning-units. The content of the interview was organized into five categories. The results indicate that the former athletes did not have access to a professional structure to plan for after the end of their career. They failed to reconcile their sports career with their studies. The described reasons for the end of careers included psychological saturation, injuries, and old age. The interviewees had several post-career occupations, many of them related to the sports environment. Their families were the greatest source of support during the end of their careers. It is concluded that the causes of the retirement of the interviewees were multifactorial, and that the former athletes did not have a structured plan for after the end of their sports career.

El propósito del estudio fue analizar el término de la carrera de ex atletas de fútbol que disputaron Copas del Mundo por Brasil entre 1966 y 1982. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con seis ex atletas. Las entrevistas se analizaron por medio de miniunidades. El contenido de la entrevista se organizó en cinco categorías. Los resultados apuntan que los ex atletas no tuvieron acceso a una estructura profesional para planificar el término de la carrera. Ellos no consiguieron conciliar la carrera deportiva con los estudios. Los motivos mencionados para el término de la carrera fueron: la saturación psicológica, lesiones y edad avanzada. Los entrevistados tuvieron diversas ocupaciones en el periodo posterior a la carrera, muchas de ellas relacionadas con el medio deportivo. La familia fue la mayor fuente de apoyo durante el término de la carrera. Se concluye que las causas de la jubilación de los entrevistados fueron multifactoriales y que los ex atletas no tuvieron una planificación estructurada para el término de la carrera deportiva.

Comparison of the motivation level of soccer players with high and low played time in matches under-20 / Comparação do nível de motivação de atletas de futebol com alto e baixo tempo jogado nas partidas da categoria sub-20

ABSTRACT An athlete's motivation is deemed one of the most important elements to achieve success in sports career. The aim of this study was to compare the motivation level of football athletes with long playtime (LPT) and short playtime (SPT) in a competition. The study assessed 112 federated athletes (18.58±1.06 years old) participating in Minas Gerais's Under-20 Football Championship (2015), by means of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). The athletes' playtime (PT) in the championship's qualifying rounds was registered through the analysis of 48 official referee report forms. The athletes were grouped according to their PT - SPT ≤25% (≤184 minutes) and LPT ≥75% (≥513 minutes). Results showed that those with LPT presented higher levels of self-determination and higher scores of intrinsic motivation compared to SPT athletes (p<0.05), and SPT athletes seemed less motivated in said competition (p<0.05). In conclusion, LPT athletes in official matches scored higher in self-determination and intrinsic motivation levels. On the other hand, those with SPT in official games showed higher demotivation compared to the former.

RESUMO A motivação do atleta é considerada um dos elementos mais importantes para obter sucesso na carreira esportiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o nível de motivação de atletas de futebol com alto tempo jogado (ATJ) e baixo tempo jogado (BTJ) em uma competição. Foram avaliados 112 atletas federados (18,58±1,06 anos de idade) participantes do Campeonato Mineiro de futebol sub-20 (2015). Foi utilizada a Escala de Motivação no Esporte (SMS). O tempo jogado (TJ) pelos atletas na fase classificatória do campeonato foi registrado por meio da análise das 48 súmulas oficiais. Os atletas foram agrupados de acordo com o TJ, sendo BTJ ≤25% (≤184 minutos) e ATJ ≥75% (≥513 minutos). Os resultados evidenciaram que os atletas com ATJ apresentaram maiores índices de autodeterminação e maiores níveis de motivação intrínseca, em comparação aos atletas com BTJ (p<0,05), bem como atletas com BTJ se mostraram mais desmotivados nesta competição (p<0,05). Conclui-se que os atletas com ATJ em partidas oficiais apresentam maiores índices de autodeterminação e maiores níveis de motivação intrínseca. Por outro lado, atletas com BTJ em partidas oficiais apresentam uma desmotivação maior quando comparados com os atletas com ATJ.

A Influência do Tempo de Prática de Dança de Salão nos Níveis de Depressão de Idosos / La influencia de la práctica del baile de salón en los niveles de depresión en personas de edad avanzada / The influence of the practice of the ballroom dance on depression levels inthe elderly

A dança de salão pode ser uma aliada no tratamento da depressão, uma vez que produz benefícios físicos, psicológicos e sociais; nos quais os idosos revelam suas maiores necessidades e debilidades. Faz-se necessário repensar o estilo de vida da população idosa, desenvolvendo estratégias de intervenção que irão contribuir para que esta população tenha uma trajetória positiva do envelhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a prática regular de dança de salão pode modificar os níveis de depressão em idosos. Participaram do estudo 51 idosos de ambos os sexos. O comprometimento cognitivo foi avaliado pelo mini exame do estado mental e a depressão através do Inventario de Beck. Foi verificada a normalidade dos dados e utilizado um teste de correlação entre a depressão e demais variáveis independentes. Nenhum idoso foi considerado portador de comprometimento cognitivo. A depressão apresentou um escore de 11,25 pontos (depressão leve) e fatores tais como "estar profissionalmente inativo", "passar por situação trágica recente" e "sofrer com alguma doença atualmente" apontaram para uma maior predisposição à depressão. O tempo de prática regular de dança apresentou uma associação negativa e significativa (r=-0,54; p≤0,01) com a depressão. Conclui-se que a prática regular de dança de salão é uma ferramenta alternativa para o tratamento da depressão (AU)

La danza de salón puede ser una aliada en el tratamiento de la depresión, ya que produce beneficios físicos, psicológicos y sociales; en los que los ancianos revelan sus mayores necesidades y debilidades. Se hace necesario repensar el estilo de vida de la población anciana, desarrollando estrategias de intervención que contribuirán a que esta población tenga una trayectoria positiva del envejecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la influencia del tiempo de práctica regular de danza de salón en los niveles de depresión en ancianos. El estudio incluyó a 51 practicantes de edad avanzada de ambos sexos. Se evaluó el deterioro cognitivo y la depresión, por medio del Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MEEM) y el Inventario de Beck respectivamente. Los datos presentaron distribución normal y se correlacionó la depresión con otras variables independientes. El deterioro cognitivo no se confirmo en ninguno de los participantes del estudio. La depresión tuvo una puntuación de 11,25 pontos (depresión leve) y factores como "profesionalmente inactivos", "pasar recientemente por una situación trágica" y que "sufren actualmente de alguna enfermedad" apuntan mayor predisposición a la depresión. El tiempo para la práctica regular de la danza mostró una correlación negativa y significativa (r = -0.54; p (inserir o símbolo) = 0,01 con la depresión. Se concluye que la práctica regular de baile de salón es una herramienta alternativa para el tratamiento de la depresión (AU)

Ballroom dancing can be an ally in the treatment of depression, since it produces physical, psychological, and social benefits; in which the elderly reveal their greatest needs and weaknesses. It is necessary to rethink the lifestyle of the elderly population, developing intervention strategies that will contribute to this population have a positive trajectory of agin. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the time of regular practice of ballroom dancing in the levels of depression in the elderly.This study included 51 elderly of both genders. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental and depression by Beck Inventory. The normality of the data was verified and used a correlation test between depression and other independent variables. None voluntary presented cognitive impairment. Depression presented a score of 11.25 points (mild depression) and factors such as: "being professionally inactive", "go through recent tragic situation" and "suffer from some currently disease" pointed to a greater predisposition to depression. The time to regular dance practice showed a negative and significant correlation with depression (r = -0.54; p≤0,01). It is concluded that regular practice of ballroom dancing is an alternative tool for the treatment of depression (AU)

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the MPAM-R to Brazilian Portuguese and Proposal of a New Method to Calculate Factor Scores.

In order to understand the reasons that lead individuals to practice physical activity, researchers developed the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) scale. In 2010, a translation of MPAM-R to Portuguese and its validation was performed. However, psychometric measures were not acceptable. In addition, factor scores in some sports psychology scales are calculated by the mean of scores by items of the factor. Nevertheless, it seems appropriate that items with higher factor loadings, extracted by Factor Analysis, have greater weight in the factor score, as items with lower factor loadings have less weight in the factor score. The aims of the present study are to translate, validate the MPAM-R for Portuguese versions, and investigate agreement between two methods used to calculate factor scores. Three hundred volunteers who were involved in physical activity programs for at least 6 months were collected. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 30 items indicated that the version did not fit the model. After excluding four items, the final model with 26 items showed acceptable model fit measures by Exploratory Factor Analysis, as well as it conceptually supports the five factors as the original proposal. When two methods are compared to calculate factors scores, our results showed that only "Enjoyment" and "Appearance" factors showed agreement between methods to calculate factor scores. So, the Portuguese version of the MPAM-R can be used in a Brazilian context, and a new proposal for the calculation of the factor score seems to be promising.

A qualidade da copa do mundo da Fifa Brasil 2014 nas cidades-sede / The quality of the 2014 Fifa world cup Brazil in the host cities / LA calidad de la copa mundial de la Fifa Brasil 2014 en ciudades sede

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a percepção que os torcedores têm da qualidade da Copa do Mundo da FIFA Brasil 2014 varia consoante os locais onde o evento foi realizado. Foram recolhidos 3.042 questionários em cinco cidades-sede da Copa. Os resultados obtidos através de uma análise fatorial confirmatória indicaram boas qualidades psicométricas do modelo usado para medir a qualidade. Os testes MANOVA indicaram diferenças significativas na avaliação da qualidade do evento entre os participantes nas cinco cidades-sede. Os resultados foram discutidos, apontando-se as principais implicações na organização de eventos esportivos, bem como sugestões para futuras pesquisas.

The purpose of this study was to verify whether the perception of quality of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil varies depending on where the event was hosted. A total of 3,042 questionnaires were collected in five cities hosting the World Cup. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicated good psychometric qualities of the model used to measure quality. Through MANOVA tests, significant differences in the event quality were observed among participants from five host cities. The results were discussed and managerial implications and suggestions for future studies were provided.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la percepción que tiene la afición sobre la calidad de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA Brasil 2014, varía de acuerdo a las ciudades donde el evento fue realizado. Se recogieron 3.042 cuestionarios en cinco ciudades sede. Los resultados obtenidos mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaran buenas cualidades psicométricas del modelo utilizado para medir la calidad del evento. Los testes MANOVA indicaron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de la calidad del evento entre los participantes en las cinco ciudades. Los resultados han sido discutidos, señalando las principales implicaciones en la organización de eventos deportivos, así como sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

Content Validation of a Catalog of Exercises for Judo.

This study aimed to assess the content validity of a catalog of 76 judo exercises. Two groups of raters comprising 16 judo experts evaluated the following content validity indicators: Clarity of Language, Practical Pertinence, Theoretical Relevance, and the Dimension of each exercise. The results confirmed the content validity of the judo training catalog with indicators showing scores greater than 0.80. These findings suggest that all 76 judo exercises are pertinent, representative of judo training and understandable for judo coaches. Thus, this catalog of judo exercises may help judo coaches in the selection and recording of exercises.

2016 Rio Olympic Games: Can the schedule of events compromise athletes' performance?

The organizing committee of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games recently announced that some of the preliminary and final competitions will be held at night. The present article discusses the potential harmful effects of these late-night competitions on sleep, circadian rhythms and athletic performance during the Olympic Games. Specifically, night-time competition could lead to injury and may compromise an athlete's decision-making, attentional, physiological and other processes. Consequently, these impacts could negatively affect the performance of athletes and their teams. Thus, it is suggested that technical commissions take special care when creating strategies to minimize harm to the athletes by considering factors such as light exposure, melatonin intake, sleep hygiene and scheduled naps, and training at local competition time. Furthermore, it is necessary for specialists in chronobiology and sleep to engage with members of the national teams to develop an activity schedule for physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation that accounts for circadian rhythms, thereby creating the best possible environment for the athletes to achieve their ideal performance.

A 6-month comparison of quality of life and mood states between physically active and sedentary college students / Uma comparação durante seis meses da qualidade de vida e estados de humor entre universitários fisicamente ativos e sedentários

Physical inactivity has been described as one of the major public health problems of the 21st century. Physical activity plays an important role in reducing the prevalence of sedentarism, improving the quality of life and improving individuals’ mental health. Objective: This study aimed to perform a 6-month comparison of quality of life (QOL) and mood states(MS) between physically active and sedentary college students. Methods: A sample of 32 individuals completed questionnaires to assess their level of physical activity, quality of life and mood states. They were separated into two groups: sedentary (n=15) and physically active (n=17). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used for assessing PA levels, the WHO Quality of Life-BREF for QOL and the Brazilian Mood Scale for MS. We used factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures and post-hoc Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) for QOL and MS inferential analysis. Results: QOL was significantly higher for the physically active group in Environment and Social Relationships domains. Similarly, MS showed increased scores in Vigor dimension for the physically activegroup after six months. Conclusions: These results suggest PA can positively influence aspects of an individuals‘ quality of life. However, our data did not show a significant influence of PA on mood states.

A inatividade física tem sido descrita como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública do século XXI. Neste contexto, a atividade física desempenha um papel importante na redução da prevalência de sedentarismo, melhorando a qualidade de vida e a saúde mental dos indivíduos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência de seis meses de atividade física (AF) na qualidade de vida (QV) e estados de humor (EH) de adultos jovens. Métodos: Uma amostra de 32 indivíduos completou uma bateria de questionários para avaliar o seu nível de atividade física, qualidade de vida e estados de humor. Eles foram separados em dois grupos: sedentários (n = 15) e fisicamente ativos (n = 17). O International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) foi utilizado para avaliar os níveis de AF, o WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL_Bref) para QV ea Escala Brasileira de Humor (BRAMS) para os EH. Foi realizada análise fatorial de variância com medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05) para QV e análise inferencial para os EH. Resultados: Escores de QV foram significantemente maiores para o grupo fisicamente ativo nos domínios ambiental e social. Da mesma forma, EH apresentaram maiores escores na dimensão Vigor para o grupo fisicamente ativo depois de seis meses, sem contudo, atingir os níveis de significância estatística.Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem que AF pode influenciar positivamente aspectos na qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Contudo, os dados não evidenciam uma influência significativa da AF nos estados de humor.

Síndrome de burnout em treinadores brasileiros de voleibol de alto rendimento / Burnout syndrome among elite Brazilian volleyball coaches / Síndrome de burnout en entrenadores brasileños de voleibol de alto rendimiento

El estudio investigó los factores que pueden causar el burnout, así como sus manifestaciones y sus efectos en entrenadores de voleibol de alto rendimiento. Se realizaron quince entrevistas con los entrenadores de la Superliga Brasileña de Voleibol Masculino 2010/2011. Los datos fueron evaluados por medio del análisis de contenido. Se identificaron tres categorías: ‘Los factores que podrían causar que el síndrome de burnout’; ‘Las manifestaciones de burnout’ y ‘Los efectos de burnout’. Se observaron las tres dimensiones del burnout: agotamiento físico y emocional, reducida sensación de logro deportivo y devaluación deportiva. Los resultados indican que los entrenadores tienen factores que generan estrés en su profesión. Se concluyó que estos entrenadores mostraron vulnerabilidad a la aparición de los síntomas relacionados con el burnout

O estudo investigou os fatores que podem causar a síndrome de burnout e suas manifestações e efeitos em treinadores de voleibol de alto rendimento. Foram realizadas quinze entrevistas com os treinadores da Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol Masculino 2010/2011. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, sendo, identificadas três categorias: ‘Fatores que podem causar a síndrome de burnout’, ‘As manifestações do burnout’ e ‘Os efeitos do burnout’. Os resultados indicaram que os treinadores possuem fatores que geram estresse em sua profissão. Foram observadas evidências das três dimensões da síndrome de burnout: exaustão física e emocional, reduzido senso de realização esportiva e desvalorização esportiva. Concluímos que estes treinadores apresentaram vulnerabilidade para a manifestação dos sintomas relacionados à síndrome de burnout

This study investigated the factors that can cause burnout syndrome, as well as its occurrence and effects in high-performance volleyball coaches. Fifteen interviews were conducted with coaches of the Brazilian Volleyball Male Super League 2010/2011. The data were subjected to content analysis. Three categories were identified: ‘Factors that could cause burnout syndrome’; ‘The manifestations of burnout’, and ‘The effects of burnout’. Results indicate that coaches have factors that generate stress in their profession. Evidence was observed of the three dimensions of burnout syndrome: physical and emotional exhaustion, a reduced sense of sport accomplishment, and sport devaluation. We concluded that these coaches showed vulnerability to the onset of symptoms related to burnout

A formação de atletas de basquetebol: quantificação do tempo de prática e do número de jogos / The formation of basketball players: quantification of practice time and the number of matches

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o processo de formação de atletas da categoria de base do basquetebol considerando o tempo de prática de treinamento e o número de jogos de atletas profissionais e atletas da categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais. Para isso foi aplicado o Questionário sobre Tempo de Prática para Atletas de Basquetebol aos atletas e entrevistas semiestruturadas aos treinadores. Para a análise dos dados quantitativos foram aplicados os testes Shapiro-Wilk e Mann-Whitney, para um nível de significância de 5%. Para as entrevistas, uma análise do conteúdo foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. Em relação à experiência competitiva, foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p = 0,003) que apontam um maior número de jogos disputados pelos atletas profissionais durante a sua formação na categoria de base na comparação com os atletas da categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais. Conclui-se que, apesar do tempo de prática de treinamento ter sido semelhante durante o processo de formação nas categorias de base, os atletas profissionais disputaram um maior número de jogos que os atletas da categoria sub-19 anos de Minas Gerais.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the process training of players of youth academy level of basketball considering the practice time of training and the number of matches of professional and Minas Gerais under-19 Brazilian basketball players. To do this we applied Practice Time Questionnaire for Basketball Athletes to the players, and semi-structured interviews to coaches. For quantitative data, Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney tests were applied for a 0.05 significance level. A data treatment of the interviews we used content analysis. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between Minas Gerais players training time and professional players training time during youth academy level. In relation of competitive experience, significant differences were found (p = 0.003) that indicate a greater number of matches played by professional players during their formation time in youth academy level in comparison with the players of under-19 category of Minas Gerais. It is concluded that despite the practice time of training have been similar during the formation process in the youth academy level, the professional players have more number of matches played than the players of category under-19 years of Minas Gerais.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de policiais militares / Evaluation of quality of life in military police officers

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção de qualidade de vida de policiais militares da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Foram avaliados 316 policiais do sexo masculino, que exerciam atividade na área operacional, com idade média de 36,68 (±7,07) anos. Para a análise da qualidade de vida os indivíduos responderam o World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Bref (WHOQOL-bref) proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para as correlações, utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman´s-Rho. O nível de significância adotado para as análises foi de p ≤ 0,05. A consistência interna do WHOQOL-Bref (α =0,833) foi adequada. Os domínios relações sociais e psicológico apresentaram os maiores escore de qualidade de vida, quando comparados aos domínios físico e meio ambiente na percepção de policiais. O domínio físico apresentou maior escore comparado ao domínio meio ambiente. Conclui-se que a percepção da qualidade de vida dos policiais da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte está mais associada a fatores envolvendo os domínios psicossociais.(AU)

The present study aimed to investigate the perception of quality of life of military police in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Those evaluated include 316 male police officers, exercising operational activity in the area, with average age of 36,68 (±7,07) years. For the analysis of the quality of life the individuals responded to the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Bref (WHOQOL-bref) proposed by the World Health Organization. For the correlations, we used the Spearman´s-Rho correlation test, considering a significance level of p ≤ 0,05. The internal consistency of the WHOQOL-Bref (α = 0.833) was adequate. The social relationships and psychological domains had the highest score for quality of life, when compared to the physical and environment domains in the perception of police officers. The Physical domain showed the score high compared the Environment domain. We conclude that the perception of the quality of life of military police in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte are more associated to involving psychosocial domains.(AU)

THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN COMBAT SPORTS: AN ANALYSIS OF OLYMPIC JUDO ATHLETES, 1964-2012.

This study assessed the relative age effect (RAE) in judo athletes who participated in the Olympic Games from 1964 to 2012. The names and birthdates of the Olympic judo athletes were collected from open-access websites. Data from male (n=1,762) and female (n=665) competitors were analyzed separately. Chi-squared tests were performed to investigate REA in medalists, and by weight categories and sexes. When the analyses used semesters to divide the period when the athletes were born, a RAE was found in male heavyweight athletes and male medallists. Thus, in a selected group of judo athletes who had participated at the highest competitive level, RAEs were present in both athletes who won Olympic medals and heavyweight athletes in the male group.