ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é estimar as elasticidades preço e renda da participação e da demanda por cigarro industrializado no Brasil. Políticas de controle do tabagismo se tornaram mais importantes a partir de 2005, quando o país ratificou sua participação na Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (CQCT), se comprometendo no fortalecimento do tema. O estudo das elasticidades pode fornecer importantes contribuições para as políticas públicas. Para estimação das elasticidades se utilizou a Pesquisa Especial do Tabagismo (PETab) de 2008, divulgada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As elasticidades preço e renda da participação foram calculadas com o modelo probit, enquanto o modelo tobit foi usado para estimação das elasticidades da demanda, por considerar a censura da amostra. Encontrou-se correlação negativa em relação ao preço e à renda, indicando que políticas de elevação do preço podem ser eficazes para a redução do tabagismo, seja de forma isolada, seja associada a outras políticas.
Subject(s)
Brazil , Consumption of Tobacco-Derived ProductsABSTRACT
A pilot feasibility study was conducted to determine whether Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) workers could be trained to deliver smoking cessation counseling and referral interventions, identify potential barriers to a full-scale randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of integrated smoking cessation in DOTS, and determine whether tuberculosis (TB) patients who smoke would agree to participate in such a program. DOTS providers in two Rio de Janeiro primary health clinics received 1-day training in cessation counseling. They completed pre- and post-training surveys and participated in post-program focus groups. Patients were surveyed 3 months after program completion, and semiquantitative urine assays for cotinine were used to confirm cessation. Providers' mean self-efficacy scores for cessation counseling improved significantly (advise to quit, assess readiness, assist with quitting, and arrange follow-up) from scores (on a scale of 1-5) of 2-3 pre-training to 3-4 post-training (P < 0.05), with only ability to change motivation not significant. Providers' knowledge about cessation (withdrawal, nicotine replacement therapy, precontemplation) was low before training and did not improve after training (P > 0.1 for all comparisons). Implementation of a smoking cessation intervention by DOTS providers in TB clinics in Brazil is feasible. Randomized controlled trials to test intervention effectiveness in reducing TB-related morbidity must include cross-training for tobacco control and TB providers. Smoking cessation in DOTS programs may be important in reducing the global burden of TB, improving the health of TB patients, and reducing TB transmission in households.
Subject(s)
Directly Observed Therapy , Health Personnel/education , Smoking Cessation , Adult , Brazil , Directive Counseling , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Pilot Projects , Tuberculosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
Dermal absorption of nicotine by people harvesting tobacco may cause an acute intoxication called green tobacco sickness. Although Brazil is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world, green tobacco sickness had not been reported in the country to date. We conducted a 1:1 matched case-control study among persons involved in tobacco farming to determine the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in the northeast region of Brazil and to identify the risk factors involved. A case-patient was a person who received a diagnosis by health professional of acute intoxication during the study period and had a cotinine level over 10ng/mL detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We identified 107 case-patients. The main signs and symptoms observed were dizziness, weakness, vomit, nausea and headache. Independent risk factors identified were being male, a non smoker and having worked in the harvest of tobacco leaves. Case-patients had higher median urinary cotinine levels than controls (p < 0.05). Epidemiological and laboratory data indicate for the first time the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in Brazil.
A absorção dérmica da nicotina por agricultores que trabalham com o cultivo do tabaco provoca uma intoxicação aguda denominada doença da folha verde do tabaco. Apesar de o Brasil ser o segundo produtor mundial de tabaco, a doença da folha verde do tabaco ainda não havia sido relatada no país. Conduzimos um estudo de caso-controle pareado (1:1) entre pessoas envolvidas na cultura do tabaco para determinar a ocorrência de doença da folha verde do tabaco na Região Nordeste do Brasil e identificar fatores de risco. Um paciente-caso foi a pessoa que no período de estudo foi diagnosticada de intoxicação aguda por profissionais de saúde e teve nível de cotinina acima de 10ng/mL pela Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Identificamos 107 pacientes-caso. Principais sinais e sintomas observados foram tontura, fraqueza, vômito, náusea e cefaléia. Foram associados ao adoecimento ser do sexo masculino, não-fumantes e ter trabalhado na fase da colheita do tabaco. A mediana de cotinina urinária entre os pacientes-caso foi maior que os controles. Os dados epidemiológicos e laboratoriais confirmaram pela primeira vez a doença da folha verde do tabaco no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Agricultural Workers' Diseases , Cotinine , Nicotine , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Nicotiana , Agricultural Workers' Diseases , Agricultural Workers' Diseases , Biomarkers , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Risk Factors , Skin Absorption , Statistics, Nonparametric , Smoking , NicotianaABSTRACT
Dermal absorption of nicotine by people harvesting tobacco may cause an acute intoxication called green tobacco sickness. Although Brazil is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world, green tobacco sickness had not been reported in the country to date. We conducted a 1:1 matched case-control study among persons involved in tobacco farming to determine the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in the northeast region of Brazil and to identify the risk factors involved. A case-patient was a person who received a diagnosis by health professional of acute intoxication during the study period and had a cotinine level over 10 ng/mL detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We identified 107 case-patients. The main signs and symptoms observed were dizziness, weakness, vomit, nausea and headache. Independent risk factors identified were being male, a non smoker and having worked in the harvest of tobacco leaves. Case-patients had higher median urinary cotinine levels than controls (p < 0.05). Epidemiological and laboratory data indicate for the first time the occurrence of green tobacco sickness in Brazil.
