ABSTRACT
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 7 (SCA7) is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the ataxin 7 (ATXN7) gene, which results in polyglutamine expansion at the amino terminus of the ATXN7 protein. Although ATXN7 is expressed widely, the best characterized symptoms of SCA7 are remarkably tissue specific, including blindness and degeneration of the brain and spinal cord. While it is well established that ATXN7 functions as a subunit of the Spt Ada Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) chromatin modifying complex, the mechanisms underlying SCA7 remain elusive. Here, we review the symptoms of SCA7 and examine functions of ATXN7 that may provide further insights into its pathogenesis. We also examine phenotypes associated with polyglutamine expanded ATXN7 that are not considered symptoms of SCA7.
ABSTRACT
Ubiquitination refers to the conjugation of the ubiquitin protein (a small protein highly conserved among eukaryotes) to itself or to other proteins through differential use of ubiquitin's seven internal linkage sites or the amino-terminal amino group. By creating different chain lengths, an enormous proteomic diversity may be formed. This creates a signaling system that is central to controlling almost every conceivable protein function, from proteostasis to regulating enzyme function and everything in between. Protein ubiquitination is reversed through the activity of deubiquitinases (DUBs), enzymes that function to deconjugate ubiquitin from itself and protein substrates. DUBs are regulated through several mechanisms, from controlled subcellular localization within cells to developmental and tissue specific expression. Misregulation of DUBs has been implicated in several diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. Here we present a brief overview of the role of DUBs in neurodegeneration, and as potential therapeutic targets.
Subject(s)
Deubiquitinating Enzymes/metabolism , Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics , Humans , Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) chromatin modifying complex is a critical regulator of gene expression and is highly conserved across species. Subunits of SAGA arrange into discrete modules with lysine aceyltransferase and deubiquitinase activities housed separately. Mutation of the SAGA deubiquitinase module can lead to substantial biological misfunction and diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and blindness. Here, we review the structure and functions of the SAGA deubiquitinase module and regulatory mechanisms acting to control these.
