Development of listening competence in business education.

Previous research indicates that listening is the most important type of oral communication in the workplace. Unfortunately, there is little evidence showing that business programs share this view. The goal of this literature review is to close the gap between employer preferences and business school priorities, thereby enhancing the listening competence of business graduates. Research has identified four listening styles. Task-oriented listening and critical listening focus on message content whereas relational listening and analytical listening are relationally oriented. Although competence in all four styles is needed, the most appropriate style to use is contingent on why one is listening. We propose a systems approach utilizing the ADIE (assessment, design, implementation, evaluation) model for developing the listening competence of business students.

Disentangling the Linkage between Personality and Commitment: A Moderated Mediation Model of Core Self-Evaluations and Affectivity / Desenredando la conexión entre personalidad y compromiso: un modelo de mediación moderada de las autoevaluaciones centrales y de la afectividad

The purpose of this study is to investigate how several personality traits and two affective states might be associated with organizational (affective) commitment in a Middle Eastern collectivist culture like Turkey. We tested moderated mediation models of the effects of Big-Five personality traits on affective commitment to the organization while investigating the mediation effects of two affective states (i.e., positive affectivity and negative affectivity) and the moderating effects of a personality trait (i.e., core self-evaluations) on these relationships. Data were collected in a field study (N = 312) using a time-lagged research design. As expected, the results indicated that the traits extraversion and agreeableness are positively related to affective commitment through positive affectivity when core self-evaluations is high-to-medium in strength. The results also showed that the indirect and negative effect of neuroticism on affective commitment via negative affectivity was not supported. The main contribution of this study is the focus on personality and affective-commitment linkages, giving an increased understanding of the processes, mechanisms, and conditions (i.e., indirect and moderating) operating within these linkages.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio es investigar cómo podrían asociarse diversos rasgos de personalidad y dos estados afectivos con el compromiso afectivo organizativo en una cultura colectivista de oriente próximo como Turquía. Probamos modelos de mediación moderada de los efectos de los rasgos de la personalidad de los Cinco Grandes en el compromiso afectivo con la organización a la vez que investigamos los efectos de la mediación de dos estados afectivos (la afectividad positiva y negativa) y los efectos moderadores de un rasgo de personalidad (las autoevaluaciones centrales) en estas relaciones. Mediante un estudio de campo se recogieron los datos (N = 312) mediante un diseño de investigación demorado. Tal y como era de esperar, los resultados indican que los rasgos extraversión y amabilidad se asocian positivamente al compromiso afectivo mediado por la afectividad positiva cuando las autoevaluaciones centrales tienen una fuerza entre elevada y media. Los resultados muestran también que el efecto indirecto y negativo del neuroticismo en el compromiso afectivo, mediado por la afectividad negativa, no se sostiene. La contribución más importante del estudio es que se centra en los vínculos entre personalidad y compromiso afectivo, mejorando el conocimiento de los procesos, mecanismos y condiciones (indirectos y moderadores) que operan en estos vínculos.(AU)