ABSTRACT
Ebola virus causes irregular outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever in equatorial Africa. Case mortality remains high; there is no effective treatment and outbreaks are sporadic and unpredictable. Studies of Ebola virus vaccine platforms in non-human primates have established that the induction of protective immunity is possible and safety and human immunogenicity has been demonstrated in a previous Phase I clinical trial of a 1st generation Ebola DNA vaccine. We now report the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vaccine encoding the envelope glycoprotein (GP) from the Zaire and Sudan Ebola virus species, in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose escalation, Phase I human study. Thirty-one healthy adults received vaccine at 2×10(9) (n=12), or 2×10(10) (n=11) viral particles or placebo (n=8) as an intramuscular injection. Antibody responses were assessed by ELISA and neutralizing assays; and T cell responses were assessed by ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining assays. This recombinant Ebola virus vaccine was safe and subjects developed antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
Subject(s)
Adenoviruses, Human/genetics , Ebola Vaccines/immunology , Genetic Vectors , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Cytokines/immunology , Double-Blind Method , Ebola Vaccines/adverse effects , Ebola Vaccines/genetics , Ebolavirus/genetics , Ebolavirus/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neutralization Tests , Placebos/administration & dosage , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
After pollutants from an incineration facility disperse into the air, some people close to the facility may be exposed directly through inhalation or indirectly through consumption of food or water contaminated by deposition of the pollutants from air to soil, vegetation, and water. For metals and other pollutants that are very persistent in the environment, the potential effects may extend well beyond the area close to the incinerator. Persistent pollutants can be carried long distances from their emission sources, go through various chemical and physical transformations, and pass numerous times through soil, water, or food.
