Carcinoid metastasis to extraocular muscles: case reports and review of the literature.

Carcinoid tumors are slow growing, low-grade malignant neoplasms that are believed to originate from neuroendocrine cells, usually in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Metastasis of carcinoid tumor to the orbit is a rare occurrence. When metastasis does occur, the choroid is the most common ocular structure involved. We report two cases of unique involvement of extraocular muscles.

Orbital pachymengitis secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pachymengitis is a very rare disorder that can present with multiple cranial neuropathies. The etiology can be inflammatory, infective or a combination of both, resulting in a thickening of the cranial dura and an obliteration of the individual layers of the meninges. We present a rare case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pachymeningitis in the orbit that resulted in severe and permanent visual loss, in a patient after extensive sinus surgery.