ABSTRACT
Vaccine-induced immunity depends on long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) that maintain antibody levels. A recent mouse study showed that Plasmodium chaubaudi infection reduced pre-existing influenza-specific antibodies--raising concerns that malaria may compromise pre-existing vaccine responses. We extended these findings to P. yoelii infection, observing decreases in antibodies to model antigens in inbred mice and to influenza in outbred mice, associated with LLPC depletion and increased susceptibility to influenza rechallenge. We investigated the implications of these findings in Malian children by measuring vaccine-specific IgG (tetanus, measles, hepatitis B) before and after the malaria-free 6-month dry season, 10 days after the first malaria episode of the malaria season, and after the subsequent dry season. On average, vaccine-specific IgG did not decrease following acute malaria. However, in some children malaria was associated with an accelerated decline in vaccine-specific IgG, underscoring the need to further investigate the impact of malaria on pre-existing vaccine-specific antibodies.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Malaria Vaccines/immunology , Malaria/immunology , Animals , Antibody Formation/immunology , Apoptosis , B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor/metabolism , Child, Preschool , Demography , Erythrocytes/immunology , Female , Half-Life , Humans , Immunity , Immunization , Kinetics , Malaria/epidemiology , Male , Mali/epidemiology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Plasma Cells/pathology , Plasmodium yoelii/immunology , Seasons , SheepABSTRACT
The dismal prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is due in part to a lack of molecular information regarding disease development. Established cell lines remain a useful tool for investigating these molecular events. Here we present a review of available information on commonly used pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines as a resource to help investigators select the cell lines most appropriate for their particular research needs. Information on clinical history; in vitro and in vivo growth characteristics; phenotypic characteristics, such as adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis; and genotypic status of commonly altered genes (KRAS, p53, p16, and SMAD4) was evaluated. Identification of both consensus and discrepant information in the literature suggests careful evaluation before selection of cell lines and attention be given to cell line authentication.
