[Differentiation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells: chondrogenic effect of BMP-2]. / Différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses adultes humaines: effet chondrogénique de la BMP-2.

Articular cartilage is essential for the motion of the skeleton. However, this tissue is unable to spontaneously repair once injured, since it is avascular and aneural. Numerous repair strategies are developed, but they do not lead to a functional tissue and research into cartilage repair focuses now on tissue engineering technics. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), present in various tissues, have the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro in response to specific growth factors. The members of the transforming growth factor beta, among them the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, appear very promising inducers in this context. BMP-2 favours chondrogenic expression, in particular expression of type IIB collagen, the cartilage-specific isoform of this collagen. Therefore, collagen type IIB is a good indicator of the differentiation state of MSC. However, since BMP-2 has also osteogenic properties, it is critical to differentially control chondrogenic and osteogenic properties of BMP-2 when used with MSC. Strategies for this control are presented in this review. Most likely, this is the combination of growth factors such as BMP-2 with biomaterials that will lead to the successful use of MSC for cartilage repair.

[Indications for imagery in dysfunctional temporomandibular pathology]. / Indications de l'imagerie en pathologie temporo-mandibulaire dysfonctionnelle.

Cranio-mandibular disorders include muscular and articular signs. Articular pathology is the only one that need to be structurally studied. Paraclinic indications are based upon physical examination. Bone structure can be explored with tomography or CT scan and intra-articular structures can be explored with M.R.I. or arthrography. Two pathologies have then been found with an excessive frequency, disc displacements and juvenile osteoarthrosis.

[The diagnostic value of arthrography of the wrist in the evaluation of carpal ligament injuries: radio-surgical correlations. Apropos of 20 cases]. / Valeur diagnostique de l'arthrographie du poignet dans le bilan des traumatismes ligamentaires du carpe: corrélation radio-chirurgicale. A propos de vingt cas.

Intra-carpal ligament tears lead to radiocarpal arthritis early diagnosis allows early treatment. Standard and dynamic X rays are not always able to make the diagnosis. In these cases, arthrography of the wrist may give the diagnosis. To establish the specificity of this examination we tried to correlate surgical findings with arthrographic suspicions. Exact diagnosis was established in 12 out of 13 cases of suspected scapholunate ligament tears in 5 out of 6 cases of suspected luno-triquetral ligament tear suspicion and none of the 3 cases of suspected T.F.C.C. rupture suspicion. Wrist arthrography appears to have a good specificity for first row intra-carpal ligament tears. The indication arthrography must be discussed with wrist arthroscopy for the diagnosis of long term wrist pain after clinical examination and standard and dynamic X rays.