An Analysis of the Public Financial Support Eligibility Rule for French Dependent Elders with Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: It is crucial to define health policies that target patients with the highest needs. In France, public financial support is provided to dependent patients: it can be used to finance informal care time and nonmedical care use. Eligibility for public subsidies and reimbursement of costs is associated with a specific tool: the autonomie gérontologie groupes iso-ressources (AGGIR) scale score. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore whether patients with Alzheimer's disease who are eligible for public financial support have greater needs than do noneligible patients. METHODS: Using data from the Dépendance des patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer en France study, we calculated nonmedical care expenditures (in €) using microcosting methods and informal care time demand (hours/month) using the Resource Use in Dementia questionnaire. We measured the burden associated with informal care provision with Zarit Burden Interview. We used a modified two-part model to explore the correlation between public financial support eligibility and these three variables. RESULTS: We find evidence of higher informal care use, higher informal caregivers' burden, and higher care expenditures when patients have an AGGIR scale score corresponding to public financial support eligibility. CONCLUSIONS: The AGGIR scale is useful to target patients with the highest costs and needs. Given our results, public subsidies could be used to further sustain informal caregivers networks by financing programs dedicated to lowering informal caregivers' burden.

Factors associated with dementia among elderly people living in two cities in Central Africa: the EDAC multicenter study.

Risk factors for dementia in American and European countries have been well investigated. However, little research has been carried out in sub-Saharan Africa, where life events as well as environmental, socio-economic, and modifiable risk factors (i.e., cardiovascular risk factors) may differ. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in representative samples of the older general population living in Bangui (Central African Republic) and Brazzaville (Congo). Dementia was defined according to the DSM-IV criteria. Multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to identify independent factors associated with dementia. Among the 977 elderly Africans included in this analysis, 75 (7.6%) were diagnosed as having dementia. Increasing age, female gender, hypertension, a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, depressive symptoms, and the lack of a primary education were significantly associated with dementia. Among life events, the death of one parent during childhood and recently having moved house were also associated with dementia. Beyond the usual risk factors for dementia, this study highlights the role of stressful events in low-income countries. Factors associated with dementia in African countries seem different from established factors in high-income countries and require further investigation.

Prevalence of dementia among elderly people living in Cotonou, an urban area of Benin (West Africa).

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The population of Benin is, like those of most developing countries, aging; dementia is therefore a major concern. Our goal was to estimate the prevalence of dementia in an elderly population living in urban Benin. METHODS: In a cross-sectional community-based study, people aged 65 years and above were screened using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia and the Five-Word Test. RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia was 3.7% (95% CI 2.6-4.8) overall. The figure increased with age and was higher among women than men. CONCLUSION: Dementia was slightly more prevalent than previously reported in a rural area of Benin, but the rate was similar to that recorded in other cities in developing countries.

Prevalence of dementia in elderly living in two cities of Central Africa: the EDAC survey.

BACKGROUND: Data on dementia from low- and middle-income countries are still necessary to quantify the burden of this condition. This multicenter cross-sectional study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dementia in 2 large cities of Central Africa. METHODS: General population door-to-door surveys were conducted in the districts of Bangui (Republic of Central Africa) and Brazzaville (Congo) in elderly aged ≥ 65 years. The subjects were screened with the Community Screening Interview for Dementia and the Five-Words Test. Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA for Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: We enrolled 496 subjects in Bangui and 520 in Brazzaville. The prevalence of dementia was estimated at 8.1% (95% CI = 5.8-10.8) in Bangui and 6.7% (95% CI = 4.7-9.2) in Brazzaville. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dementia in urban areas of Central Africa is close to those observed in high-income countries.

[Activities in retired people and the risk of dementia]. / Activités à la retraite et risque de démence : résultats de l'étude PAQUID.

It is necessary to develop the prevention of Alzheimer's disease, because of the increase in the number of cases and unavailability of a curative treatment. From the data of the cohort PAQUID, we studied the risk of dementia according to leisure activities and the age of cessation of professional activity. The practice of a sport and reading decreases by 25% the risk of dementia during 15 years. The age of cessation of professional activity is not associated with the risk of dementia. An active life seems to be a possible way to prevent dementia.

Complications de l' epaule de l'hemiplegique vasculaire : prevalence et facteurs associes au sein d 'une population de cerebroleses vasculaires au Chu d'Abidjan (Cote D'ivoire)

Objectif Evaluer la fréquence des complications de l'épaule de l'hémiplégique vasculaire et identifier les facteurs associés à ces complications Méthodes C'est une étude prospective réalisée entre Juin et Octobre 2005 au Centre hospitalo-universitaire de Cocody (Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire). Elle concerne des patients admis en consultation de rééducation fonctionnelle (RF) ou en hospitalisation de neurologie.Résultats Cinquante patients âgés en moyenne de 56,6 ± 13,4 ans (extrêmes de 29 et 85 ans) avec un sexe ratio de 1,17 en faveur des femmes, recrutés le plus souvent en RF (60%) ont été inclus dans cette étude. Ils avaient un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) principalement ischémique (72%), qui évoluait en moyenne depuis 11,3 ± 12,9 semaines. Parmi eux 28 (56%) avaient une complication de l'épaule qui était : une douleur (DL, n=25), un syndrome épaule-main (SEM, n=10) ou une subluxation (SUB, n=18). Ces complications étaient associées dans 46,4% des cas. Ces patients étaient plus âgés, avaient un AVC plus ancien, un index moteur du membre supérieur plus faible mais un niveau d'autonomie globale semblable à celui des patients sans complications. Ni l'âge, ni la durée d'évolution de l'AVC n'était différent selon le type de complication diagnostiqué. La fonctionnalité était associé à la SUB (dans 72,2% des SUB le Frenchay arm test était égal à 0 vs 37,5% chez les patients sans SUB p=0,02) tandis que le tonus des adducteurs du bras était associé à la DL (dans 40% des DL le tonus des adducteurs était égal à 1 vs 84% chez les patients ne présentant pas de DL p=0,006).Conclusion L'épaule douloureuse de l'hémiplégique est donc une complication fréquemment retrouvée dans notre étude. Des études ultérieures seront utiles pour conforter la fréquence de ces complications, l'impact des différents facteurs qui semblent s'y associer et analyser les possibilités de prise en charge tant curative que préventive dans notre milieu

[Topography of ischemic strokes in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire): a computed tomographic approach]. / Approche tomodensitométrique des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

OBJECTIVE: The authors used computed tomography (CT) to assess and categorize the topography of ischemic strokes (IS) among blacks living in Abidjan, the commercial and administrative center of Côte d'Ivoire, in West Africa. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed CT data of patients admitted to the Sainte Anne Marie Polyclinic (the principal private hospital in the country) and to the neurology department of the university hospital center in Cocody, from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2001. The study included patients who met World Health Organisation criteria for stroke and had CT performed during the hospitalization for this stroke. We examined CT data to find early and late signs of IS, analyze lesion diameter (15 mm cutoff used to distinguish infarcts from lacuna), and determine their topography (cerebral arterial territory and localization, that is, brain lobes, basal ganglia and posterior cerebral fossa). RESULTS: We included 260 subjects (58% males) with a median age of 45 years (range: 20-80 years). CT findings were abnormal for 224 patients with infarcts (72.7%), lacuna (27.3%), or both (8%). As reported elsewhere, the anterior arterial territory was most often affected (83.9%) with a middle cerebral artery lesion in 79.4% of patients. Posterior territory (16.1%) lesions and lacuna were probably underestimated because CT exploration is reported to be less useful for this area than for the carotid area. On the other hand, CT diagnoses infarcts more easily than it does lacuna. CT was normal for 36 patients although performed no more than 3 days after IS. These patients did not undergo CT angiography, which might have shown cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSION: Our study included IS of all types and typography. Stroke registries in Africa would provide useful data for better assessment of prevalence for specific topographic and etiologic types of stroke.

[Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer disease risk: epidemiological studies review]. / Facteurs de risque vasculaire et risque de maladie d'Alzheimer : revue d'études épidémiologiques.

Etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still undefined in its most frequent sporadic type, but a role of vascular risk factor is more and more evocated in its pathophysiology. This role enables to hope that preventive or curative care of vascular risk factors could decrease AD incidence. Among these factors, high blood pressure, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and tobacco consumption were the most studied. We review the risk for AD, which had been associated with each of these factors in epidemiological studies. High blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of AD in most studies while the results are more controversial for the others factors. All these four vascular risk factors have variable interaction with the presence of cerebrovascular diseases and of the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene which is a predisposition factor for sporadic AD.

[Tuberculosis and stroke: case report and literature review]. / Tuberculose et accident vasculaire cérébral: un cas et revue de la littérature.

UNLABELLED: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Côte-d'Ivoire, a sub-saharan region country, where infection with a prevalence of 2-10% increase tuberculosis incidence assesed to 290 per 100,000 habitants. Authors report a case of a ischemic stroke (IS) and unknown HIV and tuberculosis infection; discuss these infections responsibility in the occurrence of this IS and past neurological signs. The patient presented with a left hemiparesis without infectious sign nor drowsiness. Medical history noticed a weight loss and two months ago a completely regressive tetraparesia. CT cerebral scan didn't found other sign than a IS located in the right middle cerebral artery territory as describe in the literature. The cerebrospinal fluid (CS) blood cell count was high and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) was found at direct exam. Positive HIV blood serology and MT where noticed at direct spit smears without chest radiograph lesion. After MT six month treatment progresses was good with no MT in CS and spit smears. Because of financial problems HIV treatment was unitialized at this time and MT was prolonged to 12 months. Literature point out different forms sometimes associated of intracranial tuberculosis (meningitis, hydrocephalus, tuberculoma, milliary, abscess, empyema). MT at direct exam was scarce, in spite of news biological methods MT diagnosis can be difficult and need a biopsy or a test treatment. Arachnoid's enhancement is frequent but MT can be misdiagnosed by CT scan which is sometimes less efficient than IRM. CONCLUSION: This case argue that tuberculosis may be evocated as a stroke aetiology especially in presence of HIV infection even if some cardiovascular risk factors are present.

[Causes of encephalopathy: descriptive study at Abidjan (Cote-d'Ivoire)]. / Etiologies des encéphalopathies: étude descriptive à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

OBJECTIVE: Assess the etiology and course of cases of encephalopathy seen in the neurology department of the Cocody University Hospital in Abidjan (Côte-d'Ivoire), a city of more than three million inhabitants. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients admitted to the hospital neurology unit from 1 December, 1998, through 31 December, 2000; with a lesion of the brain, brainstem, cerebellum or meninges. Lesions were either confirmed by computed tomography or clinically obvious; MRI was unavailable. RESULTS: Overall, 1011 subjects met the inclusion criteria: 58% were male; their median age was 45 years (range: 1 to 93 years); more than 40% were not working, and 92% had a medical history. The etiology was vascular (445), infectious (380) or undetermined (125); rare cases were degenerative (5) or traumatic (4). Of 35 cases of metabolic encephalopathy, half were associated with another etiology. Pathological confirmation of cerebral tumors (22) was unavailable. All cases of toxic encephalopathy (11) involved adults and alcohol. Global lethality was 26% and did not differ significantly according to whether or not the etiology was identified (26% vs 28.8%). Another 13% were lost to follow-up (left without discharge), and 61% patients recovered and were discharged after a median hospitalization of 12.5 days. CONCLUSION: The proportion of cases with an undetermined etiology is worrisome. Better knowledge would be useful to develop indicators to evaluate improvements in the medical management of these diseases.