Medical Image sharing: What do the public see when reviewing radiographs? A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Policymakers wish to extend access to medical records, including medical imaging. Appreciating how patients might review radiographs could be key to establishing future training needs for healthcare professionals and how image sharing could be integrated into practice. METHOD: A pilot study in the UK using a survey was distributed to adult participants via the online research platform Prolific. All subjects were without prior professional healthcare experience. Participants reviewed ten radiographs (single projection only) and were asked a two-stage question. Firstly, if the radiograph was 'normal' or 'abnormal' and secondly, if they had answered 'abnormal', to identify the abnormality from a pre-determined list featuring generic terms for pathologies. RESULTS: Fifty participants completed the survey. A mean of 65.8 % of participants were able to correctly identify if radiographs were normal or abnormal. Results in relation to the identification of a pathology were not as positive, but still notable with a mean of 46.4 % correctly identifying abnormalities. Qualitative data demonstrated that members of the public are enthralled with reviewing radiographs and intrigued to understand their performance in identifying abnormalities. CONCLUSION: In the pilot, members of the public could identify if a radiograph is normal or abnormal to a reasonable standard. Further detailed interpretation of images requires supportive intervention. This pilot study suggests that patients can participate in image sharing as part of their care. Image sharing may be beneficial to the therapeutic relationship, aiding patient understanding and enhancing consultations between healthcare professional and patient. Further research is indicated.

Randomized controlled trial demonstrates novel tools to assess patient outcomes of Indigenous cultural safety training.

BACKGROUND: Health care routinely fails Indigenous peoples and anti-Indigenous racism is common in clinical encounters. Clinical training programs aimed to enhance Indigenous cultural safety (ICS) rely on learner reported impact assessment even though clinician self-assessment is poorly correlated with observational or patient outcome reporting. We aimed to compare the clinical impacts of intensive and brief ICS training to control, and to assess the feasibility of ICS training evaluation tools, including unannounced Indigenous standardized patient (UISP) visits. METHOD: Using a prospective parallel group three-arm randomized controlled trial design and masked standardized patients, we compared the clinical impacts of the intensive interactive, professionally facilitated, 8- to10-h Sanyas ICS training; a brief 1-h anti-bias training adapted to address anti-Indigenous bias; and control continuing medical education time-attention matched to the intensive training. Participants included 58 non-Indigenous staff physicians, resident physicians and nurse practitioners from family practice clinics, and one emergency department across four teaching hospitals in Toronto, Canada. Main outcome measures were the quality of care provided during UISP visits including adjusted odds that clinician would be recommended by the UISP to a friend or family member; mean item scores on patient experience of care measure; and clinical practice guideline adherence for NSAID renewal and pain assessment. RESULTS: Clinicians in the intensive or brief ICS groups had higher adjusted odds of being highly recommended to friends and family by standardized patients (OR 6.88, 95% CI 1.17 to 40.45 and OR 7.78, 95% CI 1.05 to 58.03, respectively). Adjusted mean item patient experience scores were 46% (95% CI 12% to 80%) and 40% (95% CI 2% to 78%) higher for clinicians enrolled in the intensive and brief training programs, respectively, compared to control. Small sample size precluded detection of training impacts on clinical practice guideline adherence; 100% of UISP visits were undetected by participating clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-oriented evaluation design and tools including UISPs were demonstrated as feasible and effective. Results show potential impact of cultural safety training on patient recommendation of clinician and improved patient experience. A larger trial to further ascertain impact on clinical practice is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.org NCT05890144. Retrospectively registered on June 5, 2023.

Discovering useful genetic variation in the seed parent gene pool for sorghum improvement.

Multi-parent populations contain valuable genetic material for dissecting complex, quantitative traits and provide a unique opportunity to capture multi-allelic variation compared to the biparental populations. A multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) B-line (MBL) population composed of 708 F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), was recently developed from four diverse founders. These selected founders strategically represented the four most prevalent botanical races (kafir, guinea, durra, and caudatum) to capture a significant source of genetic variation to study the quantitative traits in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. MBL was phenotyped at two field locations for seven yield-influencing traits: panicle type (PT), days to anthesis (DTA), plant height (PH), grain yield (GY), 1000-grain weight (TGW), tiller number per meter (TN) and yield per panicle (YPP). High phenotypic variation was observed for all the quantitative traits, with broad-sense heritabilities ranging from 0.34 (TN) to 0.84 (PH). The entire population was genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTseq), and 8,800 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were generated. A set of polymorphic, quality-filtered markers (3,751 SNPs) and phenotypic data were used for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We identified 52 marker-trait associations (MTAs) for the seven traits using BLUPs generated from replicated plots in two locations. We also identified desirable allelic combinations based on the plant height loci (Dw1, Dw2, and Dw3), which influences yield related traits. Additionally, two novel MTAs were identified each on Chr1 and Chr7 for yield traits independent of dwarfing genes. We further performed a multi-variate adaptive shrinkage analysis and 15 MTAs with pleiotropic effect were identified. The five best performing MBL progenies were selected carrying desirable allelic combinations. Since the MBL population was designed to capture significant diversity for maintainer line (B-line) accessions, these progenies can serve as valuable resources to develop superior sorghum hybrids after validation of their general combining abilities via crossing with elite pollinators. Further, newly identified desirable allelic combinations can be used to enrich the maintainer germplasm lines through marker-assisted backcross breeding.

Robust within-session modulations of IAT scores may reveal novel dynamics of rapid change.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is employed in the domain of social psychology as a measure of implicit evaluation. Participants in this task complete blocks of trials where they are asked to respond to categories and attributes (e.g., types of faces and types of words). Reaction times in different blocks sharing certain response combinations are averaged and then subtracted from blocks with other response combinations and then normalized, the result of which is taken as a measure indicating implicit evaluation toward or away from the given categories. One assumption of this approach is stationarity of response time distributions, or at a minimum, that temporal dynamics in response times are not theoretically relevant. Here we test these assumptions, examine the extent to which response times change within the IAT blocks and, if so, how trajectories of change are meaningful in relation to external measures. Using multiple data sets we demonstrate within-session changes in IAT scores. Further, we demonstrate that dissociable components in the trajectories of IAT performance may be linked to theoretically distinct processes of cognitive biases as well as behaviors. The present work presents evidence that IAT performance changes within the task, while future work is needed to fully assess the implications of these temporal dynamics.

Developing scientifically validated bias and diversity trainings that work: empowering agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity.

Purpose ­: Research consistently shows that non-scientific bias, equity, and diversity trainings do not work, and often make bias and diversity problems worse. Despite these widespread failures, there is considerable reason for hope that effective, meaningful DEI efforts can be developed. One approach in particular, the bias habit-breaking training, has 15 years of experimental evidence demonstrating its widespread effectiveness and efficacy. Design/methodology/approach ­: This article discusses bias, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts from the author's perspective as a scientist-practitioner - the author draws primarily on the scientific literature, but also integrates insights from practical experiences working in DEI. The author provides a roadmap for adapting effective, evidence-based approaches from other disciplines (e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy) into the DEI context and reviews evidence related to the bias habit-breaking training as one prominent demonstration of a scientifically-validated approach that effects lasting, meaningful improvements on DEI issues within both individuals and institutions. Findings ­: DEI trainings fail due to widespread adoption of the information deficit model, which is well-known as a highly ineffective approach. Empowerment-based approaches, in contrast, are highly promising for making meaningful, lasting changes in the DEI realm. Evidence indicates that the bias habit-breaking training is effective at empowering individuals as agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity, both within themselves and the social contexts they inhabit. Originality/value ­: In contrast to the considerable despair and pessimism around DEI efforts, the present analysis provides hope and optimism, and an empirically-validated path forward, to develop and test DEI approaches that empower individuals as agents of change.

Development and characterization of a sorghum multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population for capturing diversity among seed parent gene pool.

Multiparent advanced eneration inter-cross (MAGIC) populations improve the precision of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping over biparental populations by incorporating increased diversity and opportunities to reduce linkage disequilibrium among variants. Here, we describe the development of a MAGIC B-Line (MBL) population from an inter-cross among 4 diverse founders of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] across different races (kafir, guinea, durra, and caudatum). These founders were selected based on genetic uniqueness and several distinct qualitative features including panicle architecture, plant color, seed color, endosperm texture, and awns. A whole set of MBL (708 F6) recombinant inbred lines along with their founders were genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTseq) and 5,683 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were generated. A genetic linkage map was constructed using a set of polymorphic, quality-filtered markers (2,728 SNPs) for QTL interval-mapping. For population validation, 3 traits (seed color, plant color, and awns) were used for QTL mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS). QTL mapping and GWAS identified 4 major genomic regions located across 3 chromosomes (Chr1, Chr3, and Chr6) that correspond to known genetic loci for the targeted traits. Founders of this population consist of the fertility maintainer (A/B line) gene pool and derived MBL lines could serve as female/seed parents in the cytoplasmic male sterility breeding system. The MBL population will serve as a unique genetic and genomic resource to better characterize the genetics of complex traits and potentially identify superior alleles for crop improvement efforts to enrich the seed parent gene pool.

Untested assumptions perpetuate stereotyping: Learning in the absence of evidence.

In the present work, we set out to assess whether and how much people learn in response to their stereotypic assumptions being confirmed, being disconfirmed, or remaining untested. In Study 1, participants made a series of judgments that could be influenced by stereotypes and received feedback that confirmed stereotypes the majority of the time, feedback that disconfirmed stereotypes the majority of the time, or no feedback on their judgments. Replicating past work on confirmation bias, patterns in the conditions with feedback indicated that pieces of stereotype-confirming evidence exerted more influence than stereotype-disconfirming evidence. Participants in the Stereotype-Confirming condition stereotyped more over time, but rates of stereotyping for participants in the Stereotype-Disconfirming condition remained unchanged. Participants who received no feedback, and thus no evidence, stereotyped more over time, indicating that, matching our core hypothesis, they learned from their own untested assumptions. Study 2 provided a direct replication of Study 1. In Study 3, we extended our assessment to memory. Participants made judgments and received a mix of confirmatory, disconfirmatory, and no feedback and were subsequently asked to remember the feedback they received on each trial, if any. Memory tests for the no feedback trials revealed that participants often misremembered that their untested assumptions were confirmed. Supplementing null hypothesis significance testing, Bayes Factor analyses indicated the data in Studies 1, 2, and 3 provided moderate-to-extreme evidence in favor of our hypotheses. Discussion focuses on the challenges these learning patterns create for efforts to reduce stereotyping.

Correlation of Pyuria and Bacteriuria in Acute Care.

BACKGROUND: Pyuria is often used as an import marker in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. The interpretation of pyuria may be especially important in patients with nonspecific complaints. There is a paucity of data to demonstrate the utility of pyuria alone in the diagnosis of bacteriuria or urinary tract infection. This study aims to further define the relationship of pyuria and positive bacterial growth in urine culture, as well as the diagnostic utility of different urine white blood cell cutoff points. METHOD: A total of 46,127 patients older than the age of 18 were selected from the inpatient population of HCA Healthcare System Capital Division. Urine microscopy results were stratified by white blood cell count and correlated with positivity of urine culture bacterial growth. The optimal urine white blood cell cutoff was derived based on the receiver operating characteristic curve plot. RESULTS: Urine microscopy finding of white blood cell 0-5 cell/hpf, 5-10 cell/hpf, 10-25 cell/hpf, and higher than 25 cell/hpf was associated with 25.4%, 28.2%, 33%, and 53.8% rates of bacteriuria, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve plot demonstrated that pyuria alone did not provide adequate diagnostic accuracy to predict bacteriuria. The optimal cutoff point for the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was found to be 25 cell/hpf. CONCLUSION: Pyuria alone provides inadequate diagnostic accuracy for predicting bacteriuria. Urine white blood cell count greater than 25 cell/hpf was found to be the optimal cutoff to detect bacteriuria. The result of this study supports the current guideline recommendation against antibiotic treatment based on urine analysis alone. It also informs future design of randomized controlled trial that investigates interventional strategies for patients with pyuria and nonspecific complaints.

Evidence for Distinct Facial Signals of Reward, Affiliation, and Dominance from Both Perception and Production Tasks.

Smiles are nonverbal signals that convey social information and influence the social behavior of recipients, but the precise form and social function of a smile can be variable. In previous work, we have proposed that there are at least three physically distinct types of smiles associated with specific social functions: reward smiles signal positive affect and reinforce desired behavior; affiliation smiles signal non-threat and promote peaceful social interactions; dominance smiles signal feelings of superiority and are used to negotiate status hierarchies. The present work advances the science of the smile by addressing a number of questions that directly arise from this smile typology. What do perceivers think when they see each type of smile (Study 1)? How do perceivers behave in response to each type of smile (Study 2)? Do people produce three physically distinct smiles in response to contexts related to each of the three social functions of smiles (Study 3)? We then use an online machine learning platform to uncover the labels that lay people use to conceptualize the smile of affiliation, which is a smile that serves its social function but lacks a corresponding lay concept. Taken together, the present findings support the conclusion that reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles are distinct signals with specific social functions. These findings challenge the traditional assumption that smiles merely convey whether and to what extent a smiler is happy and demonstrate the utility of a social-functional approach to the study of facial expression.

Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes internados con COVID-19 en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Buenos Aires cityEsta obra está bajo una licencia de CreativeCommons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0Internacionalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/i

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 representa un desafío para la salud mundial y continúa en investigación. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, demográficas, clínicas y la mortalidad por todas las causas de pacientes internados con COVID-19 en un establecimiento de salud privado de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal y descriptivo entre el 3 de marzo y el 8 de julio de 2020. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 por RT-PCR de hisopado nasofaríngeo internados en sala general y unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI) del Sanatorio San José. Se analizaron las características epidemiológicas, demográficas (edad, sexo, ocupación, procedencia, residencia), clínicas y mortalidad por todas las causas. Las variables continuas fueron descriptas con mediana y rango intercuartilo (RIC) y las variables categóricas con número y porcentaje. Se utilizó el programa STATA v 13.0.Resultados: Se incluyeron 118 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 50 años, 51% varones. Las comorbilidades más prevalentes fueron hipertensión arterial 31,4%, enfermedad neurológica crónica 27,1%, enfermedad cardiovascular 14,4% y diabetes 13,6%. Los signos y síntomas más frecuentes: fiebre 68,6% y tos 51,7%. Según la severidad inicial: 33,9% neumonía moderada y 27,1% grave. El 75% de las tomografías de tórax reveló vidrio esmerilado; linfopenia presentó el 30%. No se detectó coinfección viral. La mortalidad por todas las causas fue del 20%, y del 57% en UTI con ventilación mecánica. Conclusiones: Nuestro trabajo describe las características y mortalidad de pacientes internados con COVID-19. Es necesario aumentar la evidencia para desarrollar modelos de predicción clínica relacionados con COVID-19.Palabras clave: infecciones por coronavirus, pandemias, epidemiología, COVID-19.

ntroduction: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global health challenge and continues to be investigated.Objective: To describe the epidemiological, demographic, clinical characteristics and all-cause mortality of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, in a private health care facility in Buenos Aires city.Materials and methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted between March 3 and July 8, 2020. Adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR, admitted to the general ward and intensive care unit (ICU) at the San José Sanatorium were included. Epidemiological, demographic (age, sex, occupation, origin, residence), clinical characteristics, and all-cause mortality were analyzed. Continuous variables were described with median and interquartile range (IQR) and categorical variables with number and percentage. The STATA v 13.0 program was used. Results: 118 patients were included. The median age was 50 years, 51% were men. The most prevalent comorbidities: arterial hypertension 31.4%, chronic neurological disease 27.1%, cardiovascular disease 14.4% and diabetes 13.6%. The most frequent signs and symptoms: fever 68.6% and cough 51.7%. According to the initial severity: 33.9% moderate pneumonia and 27.1% severe. Ground glass was reported in 75% of chest scans; lymphopenia presented 30%. Viral coinfection was not detected. Mortality from all causes was 20%, and 57% in ICU with mechanical ventilation.Conclusions: Our work describes the characteristics and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Increased evidence is needed to develop clinical predictive models related to COVID-19

Correction to: Evidence for Distinct Facial Signals of Reward, Affiliation, and Dominance from Both Perception and Production Tasks.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00024-8.].

What are the benefits and risks of sharing patients' diagnostic radiological images with them? A cross-sectional study of the perceptions of patients and clinicians in the UK.

OBJECTIVES: The objective for this work was to assess clinical experts' and patients' opinions on the benefits and risks of sharing patients' diagnostic radiological images with them. SETTING: This study was conducted outside of the primary and secondary care settings. Clinical experts were recruited at a UK national imaging and oncology conference, and patients were recruited via social media. PARTICIPANTS: 121 clinical experts and 282 patients completed the study. A further 73 patient and 10 clinical expert responses were discounted due to item non-response. Individuals were required to be a minimum of 18 years of age at the time of participation. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: This study was exploratory in nature. As such, the outcomes to be measured for demonstration of the successful completion of this study were generated organically through the process of the investigation itself. These were: (1) the delineation of the benefits available from, and the risks posed by, widening access to diagnostic radiological images; (2) establishment of the level and nature of demand for access to diagnostic radiological images; and (3) the identification of stakeholder requirements for accessing available benefit from diagnostic radiological images. RESULTS: 403 usable questionnaires were returned consisting of responses from clinical experts (n=121) and patients (n=282). Both groups acknowledge the potential benefits of this practice. Examples included facilitating communication, promoting patient engagement and supporting patients in accepting health information shared with them. However, both groups also recognised risks associated with image sharing, such as the potential for patients to be upset or confused by their images. CONCLUSIONS: There is a demand from patients for access to their diagnostic radiological images alongside acknowledgement from clinical experts that there may be benefits available from this. However, due to the acknowledged risks, there is also a need to carefully manage this interaction. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 187752.

Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals.

Many granting agencies allow reviewers to know the identity of a proposal's principal investigator (PI), which opens the possibility that reviewers discriminate on the basis of PI race and gender. We investigated this experimentally with 48 NIH R01 grant proposals, representing a broad range of NIH-funded science. We modified PI names to create separate white male, white female, black male and black female versions of each proposal, and 412 scientists each submitted initial reviews for 3 proposals. We find little to no race or gender bias in initial R01 evaluations, and additionally find that any bias that might have been present must be negligible in size. This conclusion was robust to a wide array of statistical model specifications. Pragmatically, important bias may be present in other aspects of the granting process, but our evidence suggests that it is not present in the initial round of R01 reviews.

Is the diagnostic radiological image an underutilised resource? Exploring the literature.

The number of diagnostic imaging examinations being undertaken in the UK is rising. Due to the expensive nature of producing these examinations and the risks associated with exposing living tissue to the ionising radiation used by many of the imaging techniques, this growth comes with both a financial and a human cost.In a time of limited resources, it is important that we are able to maximise the benefits which we extract from these resources. Therefore, a broad search of the current literature was undertaken to assess our current understanding of the nature of benefit available from diagnostic radiological images.Two broad categories of benefit were identified: primary benefit (n = 470) and secondary benefit (n = 49). Primary benefits are those which are related to the justification for undertaking the imaging, e.g., abnormality detection, to assist in diagnosis or staging, or acting as an aid to clinical decision making, or intervention. Secondary benefits are those that are not related to the justification for imaging, e.g., to promote patient engagement and understanding or to facilitate communication.Existing work considering primary benefits is comprehensive. Secondary benefit, however, is less well recognised and may not be reliably realised. Use of the image to realise these benefits has far-reaching potential. Particularly, there may be underexplored benefits which access to the images may provide to patients. This represents a gap in existing research which should be addressed.

Evaluation of Agricultural Interventions on Human and Poultry-Related Salmonella Enteritidis in British Columbia.

A collaborative investigation between public health and animal health led to numerous interventions along the food chain in response to an outbreak of human salmonellosis and increased incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) among poultry. Incidence of both human and chicken SE decreased substantially in 2012 and 2013 following these interventions. We used time series analysis to assess the impact of three interventions: vaccination of broiler breeder flocks, separation in the hatchery of breeder eggs, and an industry order to stop farm-gate sales of ungraded broiler hatching eggs. Results show a Granger causal association between human SE incidence and SE incidence in chickens 8 months earlier. Among the interventions, separation of breeder flocks showed a consistent and statistically significant association with declining SE incidence in chickens. Our results did not show consistent declines in chicken SE following breeder flock vaccination (live or inactivated vaccine). None of the interventions had statistically significant impacts on human SE incidence. Our results are consistent with a positive effect of certain interventions and also reveal where additional data are needed for a more comprehensive evaluation. Multiple interventions throughout the food chain are best practices when dealing with enteric pathogens; collecting data on the timing and intensity of these interventions allow proper evaluation of their independent and combined effects. Finally, we identify considerations for others interested in undertaking similar evaluations. Ongoing collaborative work between public health and animal health is required to refine strategies for SE control in British Columbia.

A Gender Bias Habit-Breaking Intervention Led to Increased Hiring of Female Faculty in STEMM Departments.

Addressing the underrepresentation of women in science is a top priority for many institutions, but the majority of efforts to increase representation of women are neither evidence-based nor rigorously assessed. One exception is the gender bias habit-breaking intervention (Carnes et al., 2015), which, in a cluster-randomized trial involving all but two departmental clusters (N = 92) in the 6 STEMM focused schools/colleges at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, led to increases in gender bias awareness and self-efficacy to promote gender equity in academic science departments. Following this initial success, the present study compares, in a preregistered analysis, hiring rates of new female faculty pre- and post-manipulation. Whereas the proportion of women hired by control departments remained stable over time, the proportion of women hired by intervention departments increased by an estimated 18 percentage points (OR = 2.23, dOR = 0.34). Though the preregistered analysis did not achieve conventional levels of statistical significance (p < 0.07), our study has a hard upper limit on statistical power, as the cluster-randomized trial has a maximum sample size of 92 departmental clusters. These patterns have undeniable practical significance for the advancement of women in science, and provide promising evidence that psychological interventions can facilitate gender equity and diversity.

Breaking the prejudice habit: Mechanisms, timecourse, and longevity.

The prejudice habit-breaking intervention (Devine et al., 2012) and its offshoots (e.g., Carnes et al., 2012) have shown promise in effecting long-term change in key outcomes related to intergroup bias, including increases in awareness, concern about discrimination, and, in one study, long-term decreases in implicit bias. This intervention is based on the premise that unintentional bias is like a habit that can be broken with sufficient motivation, awareness, and effort. We conducted replication of the original habit-breaking intervention experiment in a sample more than three times the size of the original (N = 292). We also measured all outcomes every other day for 14 days and measured potential mechanisms for the intervention's effects. Consistent with previous results, the habit-breaking intervention produced a change in concern that endured two weeks post-intervention. These effects were associated with increased sensitivity to the biases of others and an increased tendency to label biases as wrong. Contrasting with the original work, both control and intervention participants decreased in implicit bias, and the effects of the habit-breaking intervention on awareness declined in the second week of the study. In a subsample recruited two years later, intervention participants were more likely than control participants to object on a public online forum to an essay endorsing racial stereotyping. Our results suggest that the habit-breaking intervention produces enduring changes in peoples' knowledge of and beliefs about race-related issues, and we argue that these changes are even more important for promoting long-term behavioral change than are changes in implicit bias.

Ecological Invalidity of Existing Gaydar Research: In-Lab Accuracy Translates to Real-World Inaccuracy: Response to Rule, Johnson, & Freeman (2016).

In recent years, several empirical studies have claimed to provide evidence in support of the popular folk notion that people possess "gaydar" that enables them to accurately identify who is gay or lesbian (Rule, Johnson, & Freeman, 2016). This conclusion is limited to artificial lab settings, however, and when translated to real-world settings this work itself provides evidence that people's judgments about who is gay/lesbian are not pragmatically accurate. We also briefly review evidence related to the consequences of perpetuating the idea of gaydar (i.e., "the gaydar myth"). Although past claims about accurate orientation perception are misleading, the work that gave rise to those claims can nevertheless inform the literature in meaningful ways. We offer some recommendations for how the evidence in past "gaydar" research can be reappraised to inform our understanding of social perception and group similarities/differences.

Avian Pathogenicity Genes and Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Wild Norway Rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) in British Columbia, Canada.

We report avian pathogenic and antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in wild Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) trapped at a commercial chicken hatchery in British Columbia, Canada, and provide evidence that rats can become colonized with, and possibly act as a source of, poultry pathogens present in their environment.

Inferences About Sexual Orientation: The Roles of Stereotypes, Faces, and The Gaydar Myth.

In the present work, we investigated the pop cultural idea that people have a sixth sense, called "gaydar," to detect who is gay. We propose that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using stereotypes to infer orientation (e.g., inferring that fashionable men are gay). Another account, however, argues that people possess a facial perception process that enables them to identify sexual orientation from facial structure. We report five experiments testing these accounts. Participants made gay-or-straight judgments about fictional targets that were constructed using experimentally manipulated stereotypic cues and real gay/straight people's face cues. These studies revealed that orientation is not visible from the face-purportedly "face-based" gaydar arises from a third-variable confound. People do, however, readily infer orientation from stereotypic attributes (e.g., fashion, career). Furthermore, the folk concept of gaydar serves as a legitimizing myth: Compared to a control group, people stereotyped more often when led to believe in gaydar, whereas people stereotyped less when told gaydar is an alternate label for stereotyping. Discussion focuses on the implications of the gaydar myth and why, contrary to some prior claims, stereotyping is highly unlikely to result in accurate judgments about orientation.