ABSTRACT
The RNA encoded by the 3' untranslated region of the prohibitin gene arrests cell proliferation by blocking the transition between the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. The product of a variant allele (T allele) is inactive. We did a case-control study of prohibitin genotype in 205 women with breast cancer and 1046 healthy controls. The results showed an association between the T allele and breast cancer in women who reported a first-degree relative with the disease (odds ratio 2.5, p=0.005). An even stronger association was found in a subset of women diagnosed at or before age 50 years (4.8, p=0.003). These data suggest that prohibitin genotyping has value in assessing risk of breast cancer in women aged 50 years or younger with at least one first-degree relative with the disease.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Proteins/genetics , Repressor Proteins , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alleles , Base Sequence , Case-Control Studies , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Middle Aged , Molecular Sequence Data , Odds Ratio , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Probability , Prohibitins , Reference Values , Risk Assessment , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Four fourth graders with developmental disabilities were trained to recruit teacher attention while they worked on spelling assignments in a general education classroom. The students were taught to show their work to the teacher two to three times per session and to make statements such as, "How am I doing?" or "Look, I'm all finished!" Training was conducted in the special education classroom and consisted of modeling, role playing, error correction, and praise. A multiple baseline across students design showed that recruitment training increased (a) the frequency of students' recruiting, (b) the frequency of teacher praise received by the students, (c) the percentage of worksheet items completed, and (d) the accuracy with which the students completed the spelling assignments.