ABSTRACT
A cultura da alcachofra (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) tem sido bastante difundida como alimento funcional e fonte de compostos promotores da saúde. É uma planta nativa da bacia do mediterrâneo, onde se encontra 70% da área total cultivada no mundo, possui porte herbáceo, com caule simples e estriado, folhas sésseis, inflorescência do tipo capítulo, com flores tubuladas, hermafroditas e de simetria radial. Os frutos são do tipo aquênios. A alcachofra é de dia longo com fotoperíodo crítico de 10.5 horas, a qual pode ser propagada de forma sexual (sementes) e assexual (rebentos). As partes comestíveis são as mais ricas em compostos promotores da saúde como polifenóis, inulina, fibras e minerais, portanto, entre as várias aplicações da alcachofra citam-se sua atividade hepatoprotetora, anticarcinogênica, antimicrobiana, antifúngica, antiflamatória, probiótica, atuando também na redução do colesterol.(AU)
Artichoke cultivation (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) has been widespread as a functional food source and a source of health promoting compounds. It is a native plant of the Mediterranean basin, where it is 70% of the total area cultivated in the world, has herbaceous bearing, with simple and striated stem, sessile leaves, inflorescence of the chapter type, with tubular flowers, hermaphrodite flowers and radial symmetry , The fruits are of the achenes type. The artichoke is a long day with a critical photoperiod of 10.5 hours, which can be propagated sexually (seeds) and asexual (shoots). The edible parts are the richest in health promoting compounds such as polyphenols, inulin, fibers and minerals. Therefore, among the various applications of the artichoke there is mention of its hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and probiotic activity, of cholesterol.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Cynara scolymus/chemistry , Functional Food/analysis , Phytotherapy , Protective Agents/analysisABSTRACT
The existence of variability is a prerequisite for genetic improvement in plants. Globe artichoke is a high nutritious vegetable with medical value, representing a profitable alternative for rural producers. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the phenotypic variability in a commercial cultivar of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L) established from seeds. Field plants were assessed when primary head reached commercial stage. An amount of 21 quantitative and 5 multicategoric characters were assessed. The quantitative data were submitted to multivariate analysis. For quantitative characters the distance between individuals varied from 3.0 to 50.9, revealing high intrapopulation variability. The greater relative contribution characters for genetic divergence were the primary head fresh mass (79.88%) and bottom fresh mass (8.43%). This indicates the possibility of plant selection for head quality in this population. The clustering analysis through UPGMA method, based on quantitative characters, allowed the formation of five groups. For multicategoric traits, the similarity among individuals varied from 1.22% to 100%. Within the existing population variability, it was possible to select plants with superior quantitative traits desirable for in natura consumption, as primary head fresh weight and length, bottom fresh mass, bract basis length and width, as well as non-quantitative traits as round head shape, absence of thorn and presence of violet color in the head.
A existência de variabilidade é um pré-requisito para o melhoramento genético em plantas. A alcachofra é uma hortícola de alto valor nutritivo e medicinal, representando uma alternativa rentável para os produtores rurais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade fenotípica de uma cultivar comercial de alcachofra (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L) estabelecida por sementes. As plantas foram cultivadas no campo e avaliadas quando o capítulo primário atingiu o estádio comercial. Foram avaliados 21 caracteres quantitativos e cinco multicategóricos, com posterior análise multivariada. Para os caracteres quantitativos, a distância entre os indivíduos variou de 3 a 50,9, revelando elevada variabilidade intrapopulacional. Os caracteres com maior contribuição relativa para divergência genética foram a massa fresca do capítulo primário (79,88%) e massa fresca do fundo (8,43), indicando a possibilidade de seleção de plantas com qualidade de capítulo nesta população. A análise de agrupamento pelo método UPGMA, com base nos caracteres quantitativos, permitiu a formação de cinco grupos. Para as variáveis multicategóricas, similaridade entre os indivíduos variou de 1.22% a 100%. Foi possível selecionar indivíduos com características superiores quanto aos principais caracteres quantitativos desejáveis para o consumo in natura, como: massa fresca e comprimento do capítulo primário, massa fresca de fundo, comprimento e largura da base das brácteas, comprimento das brácteas externas, bem como características não quantitativas como capítulo de formato circular, ausência de espinhos e presença de cor violeta no capítulo.
ABSTRACT
The inheritance of head color and tightness in globe artichoke was studied utilizing crosses between inbreed lines and between clones and self-pollinated clones from different genetic origins. These genetic materials were sowed in a completely randomized design with 20 plants per plot and genotype. Globe artichoke heads were classified into three colors (purple-green, purple and green) and three head tightness types (compact, fairly compact and soft) and the segregating ratios for these traits tested in each offspring using the chi-square test. Crosses between green and purple inbreed lines produced only purple-green heads but F2 generation segregated at a purple-green:purple:green ratio of 9:3:4. The self-pollinated compact head clones produced a compact head:fairly compact head:soft head ratio of 12:3:1. The remaining crosses between lines and among clones and backcrosses verified these ratios. These results suggest that two loci with a simple recessive epistasis are involved in the inheritance of head color and that two loci with simple dominant epistasis are involved in the expression of the different head tightness types. The inheritance models proposed here could be helpful in predicting the appearance of artichoke heads if breeders need to obtain hybrid seeds for a desirable phenotype.
