Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Dolphins/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/veterinary , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Animals , Australia , Fisheries , Fresh Water/microbiology , Seasons , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/mortality , Streptococcal Infections/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish the death rate and the causes of death in cattle exported by sea from Australia. PROCEDURE: Cattle deaths on voyages from Australia to all destinations between 1995 and 2000 were analysed retrospectively. On four voyages to the Middle East between December 1998 and April 2001, cattle that died were examined to determine the cause of death. RESULTS: The death rate was 0.24% among 4 million cattle exported, and a greater proportion of deaths occurred on voyages to the Middle East (0.52%, P < 0.05) than to south east Asia (0.13%). The risk of death on voyages to the Middle East was three times greater for cattle exported from southern ports in Australia compared to northern ports. The main causes of death were heat stroke, trauma and respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: Cattle have a low risk of death during sea transport from Australia. The risk of death can be reduced on voyages to the Middle East by preferentially exporting cattle from northern ports, and selecting those with a higher Bos indicus content whenever possible.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/mortality , Hot Temperature , Ships , Transportation , Animals , Australia , Breeding , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Cause of Death , Heat Stroke/mortality , Heat Stroke/prevention & control , Heat Stroke/veterinary , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality , Respiratory Tract Diseases/prevention & control , Respiratory Tract Diseases/veterinary , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control , Wounds and Injuries/veterinarySubject(s)
Brunner Glands/pathology , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Eimeria , Goat Diseases/pathology , Animals , Animals, Wild , Atrophy , Brunner Glands/parasitology , Coccidiosis/pathology , Eimeria/isolation & purification , Epithelial Cells/parasitology , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Goat Diseases/parasitology , Goats , Intestinal Mucosa/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of acute, fatal molybdenum poisoning in feedlot cattle. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERD: In total, 831 Hereford, Hereford x Angus, and Hereford x Simmental steers, aged 8 to 10 months, with an average body weight of 310 kg were fed a diet, to which sodium molybdate at a rate of 1.9% of the total ration had been accidently added. INVESTIGATION: The steers lost appetite within 3 days and deaths commenced within 6 days of the diet being first offered. The error was rectified when deaths started to occur, but steers continued to die for up to 7 months afterwards. Of the 831 steers on the feedlot, 90 died and a further 5 remained in poor condition. The cause of death was periacinar to massive hepatic necrosis and acute renal tubular necrosis. Blood and tissue samples were taken from surviving steers for 76 days, by which time plasma molybdenum concentrations had returned to normal concentrations. CONCLUSION: Sodium molybdate when fed at a rate of 1.9% of the diet results in acute renal tubular necrosis and periacinar to massive hepatic necrosis.
