ABSTRACT
Poultry waste has been used as fertilizer to avoid soil degradation caused by the long-term application of chemical fertilizer. However, few studies have evaluated field conditions where livestock wastes have been used for extended periods of time. In this study, physicochemical parameters, metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene, and ecotoxicity indexes were used for the characterization of chicken manure and poultry litter to examine the effect of their application to agricultural soils for 10 years. Poultry wastes showed high concentrations of nutrients and increased electrical conductivity leading to phytotoxic effects on seeds. The bacterial communities were dominated by typical members of the gastrointestinal tract, noting the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Soils subjected to poultry manure applications showed statistically higher values of total and extractable phosphorous, increasing the risk of eutrophication. Moreover, while the soil bacterial community remained dominated by the ones related to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and plant growth promotion, losses of alpha diversity were observed on treated soils. Altogether, our work would contribute to understand the effects of common local agricultural practices and support the adoption of the waste treatment process in compliance with environmental sustainability guidelines.
Subject(s)
Poultry , Soil , Animals , Soil/chemistry , Manure , Fertilizers , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Bacteria/genetics , Genetic VariationABSTRACT
Nineteen strains and species of entomopathogenic fungi were examined for their potential as biological control agents of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Bioassays against larvae, pupae, and adult males and females in small containers indicated five strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. were relatively more virulent. Three of the virulent strains, chosen for efficiency of production in a rice-based, diphasic fungal production system, were further evaluated by mixing spore-contaminated rice residue with sugar and tested as a food bait for adult flies in a 33-m3 walk-in chamber. Up to 90% mortality was obtained within 15 d of exposure. The results indicate bait formulations of the most virulent and aggressive strain should be further developed and studied.
Subject(s)
Hypocreales/physiology , Insect Control/methods , Muscidae , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Animals , Female , Hypocreales/growth & development , Larva , Male , Muscidae/growth & development , Muscidae/microbiology , PupaABSTRACT
Se determinó el incremento poblacional potencial del parasitoide Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) sobre pupas de Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) en condiciones de laboratorio, en oscuridad a 27°C y 50 ± 10 por ciento HR. Se colocaron individualmente 30 hembras con menos de 12h de emergidas sobre 15 pupas de Musca domestica L de menos de 24h de edad, renovándolas diariamente. La supervivencia preimaginal fue del 90,3 por ciento. La longevidad de los adultos fue estimada en 8,3 días en promedio con una tasa neta de reproducción de 24,549; tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural de 0,119; tasa finita de crecimiento de 1,126; tiempo generacional medio de 28,162 días y tiempo de duplicación de 5,849 días. Estos valores de los parámetros indican el alto potencial de S. endius comparadas con otras especies congenéricas.
The potential increase of the parasitoid Spalangia endius Walker was determined under laboratory conditions at 27°C, 50 ± 10 percent RH. and 24h darkness. Thirty <12h-old females of the parasitoid were individualized with 15 Musca domestica L. pupae <24h old. Survival of S. endius immature was 90.3 percent. Adult females mean longevity was estimated in 8.3 days with a net rate of reproduction of 24.549; intrinsic rate of natural increase of 0.119; finite rate of increase of 1.126; mean generation time of 28.162 days; and duplication time of 5.849 days. These values indicate the high potential of S. endius as a parasitoid of M. domestica, as compared to other congeneric species.
ABSTRACT
Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, dos pontos de vista biológico e econômico, o impacto de várias estratégias de controle e avaliar os seus efeitos sobre a Musca domestica L., resistente à ciromazina, e sobre parasitóides benéficos da pupas de mosca doméstica em aviários (240.000 frangos) na Argentina. As estratégias avaliadas foram: controle químico, controle químico + cultural, e químico+ cultural + biológico (manejo integrado de pragas). Os produtos utilizados foram: ciromazina 1% e 50%, DDVP, azametifós com e sem z-9-tricoseno, calcário, e os parasitóides Spalangia endius Walker e Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders. No caso de ausência de medidas de controle, a densidadepopulacional da mosca aumentou rapidamente e a média de parasitismo foi de 12%. Quando somente o controle químico foi utilizado, as populações de moscas foram reduzidas para 40 por grupo e a média de parasitismo foi de 2%. Quando a ciromazina tópica foi utilizada em conjunto com o controle cultural (calcário), a população de moscas foi reduzida mais rapidamente que nos tratamentos com moscas alimentadas com ciromazina 1%. Com o uso subseqüente de vespas parasitas, altos índices de parasitismo foram observados e a população de mosca doméstica foi reduzida aos níveis de tolerância em tempo menor que em todos os outros tratamentos. Dos pontos de vista biológico e econômico, o melhortratamento para controle de mosca doméstica resistente à ciromazina foi o controle biológico + cultural + químico com aplicações localizadas de ciromazina tópica.
The objectives of this study were to compare, from both biological and economic viewpoints, the impact of various control strategies and evaluate their effect on cyromazine-resistantMusca domestica L., and beneficial house fly pupal parasitoids on caged-layer farms (240,000 hens) in Argentina. The strategies evaluated were: chemical, chemical + cultural, and chemical + cultural + biological (integrated management). The products used were: cyromazine 1% and 50%, DDVP, azamethiphos with and without z-9-tricosene, lime, and the parasitoids Spalangia endius Walker and Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders. In the absence of control measures, fly density increased quickly and the average parasitism rate was 12%. When only chemical control was used, fly populations were reduced to ca. 40/grid and parasitism averaged 2%. When topical cyromazine was used in conjunction with cultural control (lime), fly populations were reduced more rapidly than those treated with cyromazine 1% feed-through. With the subsequent use of parasitic wasps, high parasitism levels were observed andhouse flies were reduced to tolerance levels in the shortest time. From an economic and biological point of view, the best treatment for house flies resistant to cyromazine was biological + cultural + chemical with localized applications of topical cyromazine.
