[Fibromyalgia : state of the issue in 2017]. / Fibromyalgie : état de la question en 2017.

Fibromyalgia (FM), whose diagnostic criteria were originally established in 1990 and updated in 2010, consists of a syndrome characterized by the presence of deep and diffuse musculoskeletal pain associated with other subjective manifestations (sleep, mood, cognitive problems). The prevalence is assessed in the general population at 2.2 %. Various risk factors were identified: age, gender, level of education and socio-economic status. Various etiological hypotheses have been explored, whether in neuroimaging or from the point of view of possible neuroendocrine and cytokine perturbations. In addition, various potential pathogenic mechanisms have been identified: genetic predisposition, central amplification, diffuse inhibitory control failure, muscle as peripheral nociceptive afferents. Finally, with regard to treatment and clinical course, the first will be multidisciplinary and the second will not be marked by real remission. In addition, patients tend to reduce their activities (professional, physical or leisure), which degrades and perpetuates the situation, while they must remain as active as possible.

La fibromyalgie (FM), dont les critères diagnostiques ont été établis initialement en 1990 et mis à jour en 2010, consiste en un syndrome caractérisé par la présence de douleurs musculo-squelettiques profondes et diffuses, associées à d'autres manifestations subjectives (troubles du sommeil, de l'humeur et problèmes cognitifs). La prévalence est évaluée dans la population générale à 2,2 %. Divers facteurs de risque ont été mis en évidence : l'âge, le sexe, le niveau d'éducation et le statut socio-économique. Diverses hypothèses étiologiques ont été explorées, que ce soit en neuroimagerie ou du point de vue d'éventuelles perturbations neuroendocriniennes et des cytokines. En outre, divers mécanismes pathogènes potentiels ont été identifiés : la prédisposition génétique, l'amplification centrale, la défaillance du contrôle inhibiteur diffus, le muscle en tant qu'afférence nociceptive périphérique. Enfin, en ce qui concerne le traitement et l'évolution clinique, le premier sera pluridisciplinaire et la seconde ne sera pas marquée par une rémission réelle. En outre, les patients ont tendance à réduire leurs activités (professionnelles, physiques ou de loisirs), ce qui dégrade et pérennise la situation, alors qu'ils doivent rester aussi actifs que possible.

[SUPRASCAPULAR NEUROPATHY]. / ATTEINTES DU NERF SUPRA-SCAPULAIRE.

Supra-scapular nerve (SSN) damage is a rare, but classical diagnosis that can often be overlooked since the nonspecific clinical history and examination commonly lead to the misdiagnosis of another shoulder disorder. This article details the etiopathology, the patients at risk, the reasons for consultation and the clinical aspects of suprascapular neuropathy; it also outlines its diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Using platelet-rich plasma to treat jumper's knees: Exploring the effect of a second closely-timed infiltration.

OBJECTIVES: Some clinical series have evaluated the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of proximal patellar tendinopathy. Although it is possible that a single infiltrative administration may prove to be an effective treatment for this indication, most of the existing studies evaluated the effects of two or three successive infiltrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether two infiltrations of PRP proves more effective than a single treatment. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized and comparative study of level 2. METHODS: Twenty patients suffering from chronic proximal patellar tendinopathy were enrolled into the study and split into two randomized groups (one or two infiltrations of PRP, respectively). The 3-month follow-up evaluation consisted of VAS, IKDC and VISA-P scores, along with algometer, isokinetic and ultrasounds evaluations. After 1 year, subjects were contacted to define their functional evolution. RESULTS: The concentration of the PRP used for each infiltration was similar in both groups, and contained no red or white cells. Results revealed no difference in treatment efficacy between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison between one or two infiltrations of PRP did not reveal any difference between the two groups at short to mid term. A second closely-timed infiltration of PRP to treat proximal patellar tendinopathies is not necessary to improve the efficacy of this treatment in the short term.

[Critical analysis of classical conservative treatments of tendinopathies]. / Analyse critique des traitements conservateurs classiques des tendinopathies.

Classic "passive" therapeutics (anti-inflammatory drugs, infiltrations of corticosteroids...) of tendinopathies, which are used relatively empirically, reduce pain and inflammation, without fundamentally changing the tendon structure. The eccentric rehabilitation has been applied to chronic tendinopathies, not only due to the failure of conventional therapies but also due to a better pathophysiological understanding of tendinopathies. Various studies underscore the effectiveness of eccentric rehabilitation which, after 20-30 sessions, leads to healing and especially prevents the risk of chronicity. Shockwave therapy, amending the tendinous structure, would lead to a long term healing.

[The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome: a case report]. / LE CAS CLINIQUE DU MOIS. Le syndrome tarsien antérieur.

The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare entrapment neuropathy of the deep peroneal nerve beneath the inferior extensor retinaculum of the ankle. It is frequently unrecognized and may lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. We report the case of a 77 year old patient complaining of symptoms of an anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome with neuropathic pain located at the dorsal part of the foot, without any sensorimotor loss. The ENMG was in favour of a motor impairment of the deep peroneal nerve. MRI exploration of the ankle showed a millimetric bony overgrowth of the upper pole of the navicular bone, irritative to the deep peroneal nerve. Infiltration at overgrowth of the navicular provided a partial and temporary decrease in pain symptoms. Surgical nerve decompression was then considered.

[New conservative treatments of chronic tendinopathies]. / NOUVEAUX TRAITEMENTS CONSERVATEURS DES TENDINOPATHIES CHRONIQUES.

The pathophysiological mechanisms of tendinopathies integrate various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Classic "passive" therapeutics have a limited action. Because of a better pathophysiological understanding of tendinopathies, more recent treatments (injections of various compounds, infiltrations of platelet-rich plasma, stem cells) would lead to a long-term healing. In case of failure of conservative managements and depending on the anatomical site, a surgical approach may be considered.

One injection of platelet-rich plasma associated to a submaximal eccentric protocol to treat chronic jumper's knee.

AIM: Jumper's knee is a frequent chronic overuse syndrome of the proximal part of the patellar tendon. Platelets contain lots of growth factors which could enhance the healing process of tendons. The aim of this study was to clarify the possible efficacy of one injection of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in cases of rebel jumper's knees. METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic proximal patellar tendinopathy were enrolled. Assessments were made before infiltration of PRP, and 6 weeks and 3 months after the infiltration, using a 10-point visual analogic scale of pain, clinical examinations with a pressure algometer, algofunctional scores (IKDC and VISA-P), functional assessments (isokinetic and optojump evaluations) and imagery (ultrasounds and MRI). The PRP was obtained with an apheresis system (COMTEC®, Fresenius-Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany). Six millilitres of PRP were injected without local anesthetic. One week after infiltration, patients started a standardized sub-maximal eccentric reeducation. RESULTS: During daily activities pain significantly decreased with time. At functional evaluation, it decreased as well, but without significant functional improvement. No improvements in the imagery measurements were observed. Younger patients seemed to be more susceptible to have an improvement of pain by the PRP infiltration. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a local infiltration of PRP associated with a submaximal eccentric protocol can improve symptoms of chronic jumper's knee in patients non-responsive to classical conservative treatments.

Trunk muscle profile in elite tennis players with and without low back pain.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare tennis players with and without low back pain (LBP) and healthy sedentary participants regarding the trunk muscle strength and flexibility. METHODS: Thirty-eight male elite tennis players and 22 healthy sedentary male students (24.8±4.0 years) participated in this investigation. Tennis players were divided into two groups: 11 players (27.8±5.5 years) with current LBP and 27 players (24.3±5.9 years) without LBP. Maximal isometric strength of trunk extensor, rotator, flexor and lateralflexor muscles was assessed by means of specific trunk dynamometers. Pelvic and lumbar flexion mobility were measured by means of inclinometer technique. RESULTS: Comparison of tennis players with and without LBP revealed no significant difference regarding trunk muscle strength and ratio or lumbar spine flexibility (all P>0.05). In comparison with sedentary participants, the tennis players showed a sport-specific profile determined by a non-dominant trunk lateralflexors (P=0.02, F=4.05) and rotators (P=0.03, F=3.62) strength significantly higher than the dominant side. CONCLUSION: In the current study, comparison of tennis players with and without LBP showed no significant difference regarding trunk strength and spine flexibility. Trunk profile of tennis players showed selective unilateral strength increase of the non-dominant trunk lateralflexors and rotators. This finding could result from the forehand and the service action which involves simultaneously left trunk rotators and lateralflexors, in right-handed players, to generate power. In order to confirm that trunk muscle imbalance has no influence on LBP, further studies should study the effectiveness of a programme aiming to normalize strength ratios in tennis players with LBP.

Teriparatide therapy for denosumab-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a male osteoporotic patient.

We report the first case of teriparatide adjuvant role in the management of a denosumab-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a male subject with idiopathic osteoporosis. Clinical benefits and CT healing were obtained within 2 months of teriparatide initiation and denosumab withdrawal. Increase in bone turnover previously described, when denosumab treatment is removed, might have a synergistic effect to the stimulating effect of teriparatide on bone remodeling to promptly heal osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Evaluation of the impact of 6-month training by whole body vibration on the risk of falls among nursing home residents, observed over a 12-month period: a single blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that short sessions of whole body vibration (WBV) were not able to significantly improve fall risk among nursing home residents but some trends towards an improvement of motor capacity were observed. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of 6-month training by WBV on functional and motor abilities among nursing home residents observed over a 12-month period. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups: the WBV group which received three training sessions every week composed of five series of 15 s of vibration at 30 Hz intensity for a period of 6 months and a control group with normal daily life. The impact of this training on the risk of falls was assessed blindly after 6 and 12 months by the Tinetti Test, the "Timed Up and Go" test and a quantitative evaluation of a 10-s walk performed with a tri-axial accelerometer. The occurrence of falls was also observed. RESULTS: 62 elderly healthy volunteers, (47 women and 15 men, mean age 83.2 ± 7.9 years) were included in this study. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the Tinetti test (p = 0.75), the "Timed Up and Go" test (p = 0.19) and the Locométrix(®) test, except for the step length, measured by dual task (p < 0.01). No significant inter-group difference in the frequency of falls was observed during the 12 months of research. A total of 42 falls were recorded during the first 6 months of experimentation: 24 falls in the treated group and 18 in the control group (p = 0.60). During the next 6 months, 19 falls occurred: 8 falls in the treated group and 11 in the control group (p = 0.52). CONCLUSION: This study failed to establish the effectiveness of low doses of WBV, under the conditions used in our study, on functional and motor abilities of institutionalized elderly patients. However, given the positive results of other studies, further investigations, with modified therapeutic protocols, seem necessary to clarify the effects of WBV in the elderly.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw in a male osteoporotic patient treated with denosumab.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a clinical condition associated with long-term exposure to inhibitors of bone resorption, mainly bisphosphonates. Denosumab (DMab) is a human monoclonal antibody of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand. It prevents osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and is widely prescribed for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Whereas ONJ has already been reported in women treated with DMab, we report for the first time the development of ONJ, following tooth extraction, in a male patient treated for idiopathic osteoporosis with DMab. Due to the constant increase in DMab prescription, for the management of osteoporosis, in both genders, physicians should be made aware of this potential risk.

[Chronic tendinopathies and platelet-rich plasma]. / Plasma riche en plaquettes et lésions tendineuses.

Platelets contain growth factors released during their degranulation following activation. These growth factors promote tissue remodeling, wound healing and angiogenesis. Currently, the clinical effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is still discussed, or even controversial. Our researches have assessed the effectiveness of PRP on the healing of animal tendons and human beings suffering from chronic jumper's knee.

[Clinical case of the month. Ulnar artery aneurysm in a roofer]. / Anévrisme de l'artère ulnaire chez un couvreur.

A case of ulnar artery aneurysm in an independent roofer is reported. It is a rare disease often associated with the Hammer Hypothenar Syndrome specifically found in manual workers and athletes exposed to repetitive palmar trauma.

[Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee]. / Le cas clinique du mois. Synovite villonodulaire pigmentée du genou.

This case report is concerned with a 30 year old patient diagnosed with pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) in the knee. The patient underwent an orthopedic surgical operation to remove the lesions. PVNS is a rare proliferative disorder, mostly benign and affecting the knee; its aetiology remains unclear. It represents a medical challenge because of non-specific symptoms that delay the diagnosis with a very high rate of recurrence. MRI imaging is necessary to explore the lesions, but the final diagnosis can only be made after anatomopathologic analysis of the excised lesions. When multiple lesions are present, the treatment consists of their excision by arthrotomy, or by arthroscopy if the disease is localized.

[Is this cerebral cavernoma the cause of a Parkinsonian syndrome?]. / Le cas clinique du mois. Ce cavernome cérébral est-il la cause d'un syndrome parkinsonien?

We report the case of a patient presenting with an akineto-rigid syndrome of the left hemibody whose etiological exploration by magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a cavernoma located in the right lenticular region. The interest of this situation is to establish if there is a pathophysiological link between such symptoms and the lesion revealed by the MRI.

Comparison of gaseous cryotherapy with more traditional forms of cryotherapy following total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of gaseous cryotherapy following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to compare it to routinely used strategies for applying cold therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA were randomized into three groups and received "gaseous cryotherapy (GC)", "cold pack" and "cryocuff" applications, respectively throughout the hospital stay. Primary outcomes (knee pain intensity, mobility and girth measurements) were recorded on preoperative day 1 as well as on postoperative day (POD) 7. Cutaneous temperature of the knee sides were also measured on POD7 just before and immediately after cold application. RESULTS: Although skin temperature dropped to 14°C following GC versus 22 to 24°C for the other two applications (P<0,05), the three groups did not differ at POD7 regarding the three primary outcomes. No adverse effects were observed with any of the ways of application. CONCLUSIONS: Gaseous cryotherapy was not more beneficial than routinely used strategies for applying cold therapy. Further studies with larger sample size and with a more frequent and closer gaseous cryotherapy applications are needed to confirm our results.

[Single cervical metastasis of breast cancer]. / Métastase unique cervicale d'un cancer du sein.

We report a rare case of single cervical metastasis of breast cancer. Bone metastases are the most frequent in breast cancer. Early diagnosis combined with the new therapeutic advances have considerably improved the quality of life and increased the survival. Imaging plays a great role in the diagnosis, particularly scintigraphy and radiography, but sometimes also CT and MRI. The treatment is currently not standardized and it combines hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgery.

[Inspiratory muscles strength training in recreational athletes]. / Entraînement de la force des muscles inspiratoires chez le sujet sportif amateur.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory muscles strength and endurance influence athletic performance. Besides conventional spirometry, sniff test, inspiratory and expiratory maximal pressures can directly assess respiratory muscle strength. Respiratory muscles can be train through a device offering inspiratory and expiratory resistance. METHODS: Nineteen subjects aged 18 to 30 years and practicing leisure sport trained inspiratory muscles on Powerbreathe(®) for eight weeks. Resistance was set at 85% of maximal inspiratory pressure determined during a preliminary session. Evaluation was made trough voluntary and non-invasive methods on Macro 5000(®) (PI max, PE max and sniff test). RESULTS: An increase of 21.77% of the maximum inspiratory pressure, 17% of the maximum expiratory pressure and 18% of the sniff test are recorded after eight weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS: A specific training of inspiratory muscles (Powerbreathe(®) Sports performance) increases the power of these muscles (voluntary and non-invasive tests).