ABSTRACT
The photochemistry of tetrazolones derived from the carbocyclic allylic alcohols cyclohex-2-enol and 3-methylcyclohex-2-enol and from the natural terpene alcohol nerol was investigated in solution with the aim of assessing the effect of solvent and of structural constraints imposed by bulky allylic moieties on photoproduct selectivity and stability. Photolysis of tetrazolones derived from nerol and cyclohex-2-enol afforded the corresponding pyrimidinones as major products through a pathway that appears to be similar to that proposed for other 1-allyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-5H-tetrazol-5-ones derived from acyclic and unhindered allylic alcohols previously investigated but photolysis of the tetrazolone derived from the bulkier 3-methylcyclohex-2-enol 4c leads to formation of a benzimidazolone, indicating that, in this case, cyclization of the biradical formed upon extrusion of N(2) involves the phenyl substituent and not the allylic moiety. Theoretical calculations (DFT(B3LYP)/3-21G*) were conducted to support the interpretation of the experimental results and mechanistic proposals. Laser flash photolysis experiments were conducted with the aim of clarifying the nature of the intermediate involved in the primary photocleavage process.
Subject(s)
Triazoles/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Photochemical Processes , Photolysis , Quantum Theory , SolutionsABSTRACT
Mechanisms of thermal isomerization of allyl tetrazolyl ethers derived from the carbocyclic allylic alcohols cyclohex-2-enol and 3-methylcyclohex-2-enol and from the natural terpene alcohol nerol were investigated. In the process of the syntheses of the three 1-aryl-5-allyloxytetrazoles, their rapid isomerization to the corresponding 1-aryl-4-allyltetrazol-5-ones occurred. The experiments showed that the imidates rearrange exclusively through a [3,3']-sigmatropic migration of the allylic system from O to N, with inversion. Mechanistic proposals are based on product analysis and extensive quantum chemical calculations at the DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 levels, on O-allyl and N-allyl isomers and on putative transition state structures for [1,3']- and [3,3']-sigmatropic migrations. The experimental observations could be only explained on the basis of the MP2/6-31G(d,p) calculations that favoured the [3,3']-sigmatropic migrations, yielding lower energies both for the transition states and for the final isomerization products.
Subject(s)
Tetrazoles/chemistry , Acyclic Monoterpenes , Alcohols/chemistry , Allyl Compounds/chemistry , Ethers/chemistry , Isomerism , Terpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
We extend our approach of combination chemotherapy through a single prodrug entity (O'Neill et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4193) by using a 1,2,4-trioxolane as a protease inhibitor carbonyl-masking group. These molecules are designed to target the malaria parasite through two independent mechanisms of action: iron(II) decomposition releases the carbonyl protease inhibitor and potentially cytotoxic C-radical species in tandem. Using a proposed target "heme", we also demonstrate heme alkylation/carbonyl inhibitor release and quantitatively measure endoperoxide turnover in parasitized red blood cells.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Chalcones/chemical synthesis , Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Peroxides/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/chemistry , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Chalcones/chemistry , Chalcones/pharmacology , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Erythrocytes/parasitology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Molecular , Peroxides/chemistry , Peroxides/pharmacology , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Prodrugs/chemistry , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The structure-based design, chemical synthesis and in vitro activity evaluation of various falcipain inhibitors derived from 2-pyridone are reported. These compounds contain a peptidomimetic binding determinant and a Michael acceptor terminal moiety capable of deactivating the cysteine protease active site.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyridones/chemistry , Animals , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Drug Design , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Malaria/drug therapy , Models, Chemical , Molecular Conformation , Plasmodium falciparum/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Photolysis (lambda = 254 nm) of 4-allyl-tetrazolones 2a-c was carried out in methanol, 1-propanol, 1-hexanol, acetonitrile, and cyclohexane. The sole primary photochemical process identified was molecular nitrogen elimination, with formation of pyrimidinones 6a-c. Following the primary photocleavage, secondary reactions were observed in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, leading to phenyl-isocyanate (7), aniline (9), and 1-phenylprop-1-enyl-isocyanate (10a). In alcoholic solutions, the primary products, 6a-c, remained photostable even under extended irradiation, making possible the isolation of 3,4-dihydro-pyrimidinones as stable compounds in very high yields. The observed photostability of pyrimidinones 6a-c in alcohols is ascribed to the excited state quenching via reversible proton transfer, facilitated by the solvent cage stabilization due to formation of hydrogen bonds. The viscosity of alcohols is directly related to the cage effects observed. The photocleavage of 4-allyl-tetrazolones leads probably to a caged triplet radical pair. This hypothesis is confirmed by the solvent viscosity effect on the photolysis quantum yields. Additionally, dissolved molecular oxygen sensitizes the formation of pyrimidinones, as should be expected for a triplet intermediate that can only form the product molecule after T-S conversion, which is accelerated by oxygen.
ABSTRACT
A Diels-Alder/thiol-olefin co-oxygenation approach to the synthesis of novel bicyclic endoperoxides 17a-22b is reported. Some of these endoperoxides (e.g., 17b, 19b, 22a and 22b) have potent nanomolar in vitro antimalarial activity equivalent to that of the synthetic antimalarial agent arteflene. Iron(II)-mediated degradation of sulfone-endoperoxide 19b and spin-trapping with TEMPO provide a spin-trapped adduct 25 indicative of the formation of a secondary carbon centered radical species 24. Reactive C-radical intermediates of this type may be involved in the expression of the antimalarial effect of these bicyclic endoperoxides.
Subject(s)
Alkanes/chemistry , Alkanes/pharmacology , Alkenes/chemistry , Alkenes/pharmacology , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Oxygen/chemistry , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Alkanes/chemical synthesis , Alkenes/chemical synthesis , Animals , Antimalarials/chemistry , Cyclization , Cyclohexenes , Epoxy Compounds/chemistry , Limonene , Molecular Structure , Peroxides/chemistry , Plasmodium berghei/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , Terpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
Protonated nitrobenzene can be used to dehydrogenate a range of hydrocarbons, which already possess at least one double bond. Kinetic and spectroscopic results, together with known electrode potentials, yield approximate limits within which protonated nitrobenzenes can be expected to effect dehydrogenation of hydroaromatic compounds. A high yielding synthesis of benzo[j]fluoranthene is described.
