Geriatric All-Terrain Vehicle Trauma: An Unhelmeted and Severely Injured Population.

BACKGROUND: All-terrain vehicle (ATV) use is widespread, however, little is known about injury patterns and outcomes in geriatric patients. We hypothesized that geriatric patients would have distinct and more severe injuries than non-geriatric adults after ATV trauma. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Trauma Databank comparing non-geriatric (18-64) and geriatric adults (≥65) presenting after ATV trauma at Level 1 and 2 trauma centers from 2011 to 2015. Demographic, admission, and outcomes data were collected, including injury severity score (ISS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score, discharge disposition, and mortality. We performed univariate statistical tests between cohorts and multiple logistic regression models to assess for risk factors associated with severe injury (ISS>15) and mortality. RESULTS: 23,568 ATV trauma patients were identified, of whom 1,954 (8.3%) were geriatric. Geriatric patients had higher rates of severe injury(29.2 v 22.5%,p<0.0001), and thoracic (55.2 v 37.8%,p<0.0001) and spine (31.5 v 26.0%,p<0.0001) injuries, but lower rates of abdominal injuries (14.6 v 17.9%,p<0.001) as compared to non-geriatric adults. Geriatric patients had overall lower head injury rates (39.2 v 42.1%,p=0.01), but more severe head injuries (AIS>3) (36.2 vs 30.2%,p<0.001). Helmet use was significantly lower in geriatric patients (12.0 v 22.8%,p<0.0001). On multivariate analysis age increased the odds for both severe injury (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.31-1.72, p<0.0001) and mortality (OR 5.07, 95% CI 3.42-7.50, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: While severe injury and mortality after ATV trauma occurred in all adults, geriatric adults suffered distinct injury patterns and were at greater risk for severe injury and mortality.

Hopes, fears, and rumors: Medical students and the general surgery clerkship.

BACKGROUND: Surgical educators have worked to manage the hopes and fears as well as the recurring rumors that plague the surgical clerkship. It is not known if this has effected change over time. METHODS: We gathered information on hopes, fears, and rumors during our clerkship orientations from 2017 to 2019 using anonymous polling software with real-time feedback. We analyzed 468 responses using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Students hoped for practical skills acquisition, self-improvement, and understanding the surgical profession. They feared lack of time and knowledge, burnout, mistreatment, and subjective evaluation. Rumors included negative perceptions of surgical culture work environment, and fear of mistreatment despite clerkship changes intended to allay these fears. CONCLUSION: Students starting surgery clerkships hope to gain surgical and clinical skills but concerns about surgical culture and mistreatment appear to remain unchanged despite structural improvements in the clerkship experience. Surgeons should look beyond the clerkship itself to change these perceptions.

Geriatric Snowmobile Trauma: Longer Courses After Similar Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Snowmobiling is a popular activity that leads to geriatric trauma admissions; however, this unique trauma population is not well characterized. We aimed to compare the injury burden and outcomes for geriatric versus nongeriatric adults injured riding snowmobiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Trauma Databank comparing nongeriatric (18-64) and geriatric adults (≥65) presenting after snowmobile-related trauma at level 1 and 2 trauma centers from 2011 to 2015. Demographic, admission, injury, and outcome data were collected and compared. A multivariate logistic regression model assessed for risk factors associated with severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15). Analysis was also performed using chi square, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis testing. RESULTS: A total of 2471 adult patients with snowmobile trauma were identified; 122 (4.9%) were geriatric. Rates of severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15) were similar between groups, 27.5% in geriatric patients and 22.5% in nongeriatric adults (P = 0.2). Geriatric patients experienced higher rates of lower extremity injury (50.4 versus 40.3%, P = 0.03), neck injury (4.1 versus 1.4%, P = 0.02), and severe spine injury (20.6 versus 7.0%, P = 0.004). Geriatric patients had longer hospitalizations (5 versus 3 d, P < 0.0001), rates of discharge to a facility (36.8% versus 12%, P < 0.0001), and higher mortality (4.1 versus 0.6%, P < 0.0001). Geriatric age did not independently increase the risk for severe injury. CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric age was not a significant predictor of severe injury after snowmobile trauma; however, geriatric patients suffered unique injuries, had longer hospitalizations, had higher rates of discharge to a facility, and had higher mortality. Tailored geriatric care may improve outcomes in this unique sport-related trauma population.

Geriatric Skiers: Active But Still at Risk, a National Trauma Data Bank Study.

BACKGROUND: Downhill skiing accounts for a large portion of geriatric sport-related trauma. We assessed the national burden of geriatric versus nongeriatric ski trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adults presenting to level 1/2 trauma centers after ski-associated injuries from 2011 to 2015 were identified from the National Trauma Data Bank by ICD-9 code. We compared demographics, injury patterns, and outcomes between geriatric (age ≥65 y) and nongeriatric adult skiers (age 18-64 y). A multiple regression analysis assessed for risk factors associated with severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15). RESULTS: We identified 3255 adult ski trauma patients, and 16.7% (543) were geriatric. Mean ages for nongeriatric versus geriatric skiers were 40.8 and 72.1 y, respectively. Geriatric skiers more often suffered head (36.7 versus 24.3%, P < 0.0001), severe head (abbreviated injury scale score >3, 49.0 versus 31.5%, P < 0.0001) and thorax injuries (22.2 versus 18.1%, P = 0.03) as compared with nongeriatric skiers. Geriatric skiers were also more often admitted to the ICU (26.5 versus 14.9%, P < 0.0001), discharged to a facility (26.7 versus 11.6%, P < 0.0001), and suffered higher mortality rates (1.3 versus 0.4%, P = 0.004). Independent risk factors for severe injury included being male (OR: 1.68, CI: 1.22-2.31), helmeted (OR: 1.41, CI: 1.07-1.85), and having comorbidities (OR: 1.37, CI: 1.05-1.80). Geriatric age was not independently associated with severe injury. CONCLUSIONS: At level 1/2 trauma centers, geriatric age in ski trauma victims was associated with unique injury patterns, higher acuity, increased rates of facility care at discharge, and higher mortality as compared with nongeriatric skiers. Our findings indicate the need for specialized care after high impact geriatric ski trauma.

Helmet use is associated with higher Injury Severity Scores in alpine skiers and snowboarders evaluated at a Level I trauma center.

BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty regarding the efficacy of ski helmets in preventing traumatic injury. We investigated the relationship between helmet use, injury types, and injury severity among skiers and snowboarders. METHODS: The trauma registry at a Northeast American College of Surgeons Level I trauma center was queried by International Classification of Diseases Codes-9th or 10th Revision for skiing and snowboarding injury between 2010 and 2018. The primary exposure was helmet use and primary outcome was severe injury (Injury Severity Score >15). We performed univariate and multivariable logistic regression to assess for injury types and severity associated with helmet use. RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-one patients (65% helmeted, 35% unhelmeted) met inclusion criteria. Helmet use doubled during the study period (43% to 81%, p < 0.001), but the rate of any head injury did not significantly change (49% to 43%, p = 0.499). On multivariable regression, helmeted patients were significantly more likely to suffer severe injury (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.11), intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.10-2.96), chest injury (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.05-2.61), and/or lumbosacral spine injury (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.25) than unhelmeted patients. Helmeted patients were half as likely to suffer cervical spine injury (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.89) and a third as likely to sustain skull fracture and/or scalp laceration (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14-0.64). More patients who hit a stationary object were helmeted compared with those who fell from standing height onto snow (70% vs. 56% respectively, p < 0.001). After adjustment, hitting a stationary object was the injury mechanism most significantly associated with severe injury (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.79-4.38). CONCLUSION: Helmeted skiers and snowboarders evaluated at a Level I trauma center were more likely to suffer severe injury, including intracranial hemorrhage, as compared with unhelmeted participants. However, they were less likely to sustain skull fractures or cervical spine injuries. Helmeted patients were also more likely to hit a stationary object. Our findings reinforce the importance of safe skiing practices and trauma evaluation after high-impact injury, regardless of helmet use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiological, level IV.