ABSTRACT
Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia (BIIP) is a subtype of specific phobia, characterized by fear and avoidance of seeing blood, an injury, or receiving an injection. In the current case report, we describe the treatment of BIIP in a young man with mental retardation. The multicomponent treatment consisted of fading (graduated exposure), modeling, noncontingent and differential reinforcement, presession anxiolytic medication, and topical analgesic cream.
Subject(s)
Extinction, Psychological/physiology , Intellectual Disability/complications , Phobic Disorders/complications , Phobic Disorders/rehabilitation , Adult , Blood , Humans , Injections , Male , Token Economy , Wounds and InjuriesABSTRACT
This study examined the effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) with and without extinction on problem behavior and stimulus engagement (consumption of reinforcement) of 4 participants. Reductions in problem behavior using NCR have frequently been attributed to both satiation of the reinforcer and extinction. In the current study, aspects of the NCR treatment effects were difficult to explain based solely on either a satiation or an extinction account. Specifically, it was found that stimulus engagement remained high throughout the NCR treatment analysis, and that problem behavior was reduced to near-zero levels during NCR without extinction. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the satiation and extinction hypotheses frequently described in the applied literature. Findings from basic studies examining the effects of response-independent schedules are presented, and are used as the basis for a matching theory account of NCR-related effects. It is proposed that reductions in problem behavior observed during NCR interventions may be a function of the availability of alternative sources of reinforcement.
Subject(s)
Extinction, Psychological , Reinforcement, Psychology , Satiation/physiology , Self-Injurious Behavior/prevention & control , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Self-Injurious Behavior/psychologyABSTRACT
Guinea pig hindlimbs were unilaterally immobilized at resting length to evaluate histochemical, biochemical, and contractile properties of immobilized muscle. Contralateral limbs remained unrestrained. Four weeks later contractile properties were measured under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Average time-to-peak tension of the immobilized soleus was 30% less, whereas that of the gastrocnemius was not significantly changed relative to contralateral muscles. Immobilized soleus muscles acquired as much as 25% fibers with high alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity; these fibers do not occur in the normal muscle. Neither the immobilized soleus nor gastrocnemius fatigued more quickly than their contralateral counterparts. In the immobilized gastrocnemius myofibrillar protein (mg/g muscle) decreased to 76% and maximum tetanic tension to 70% of contralateral values. However, tetanic tension per gram wet muscle weight or 100 mg myofibrillar protein was significantly greater in the immobilized gastrocnemius. No specific factor responsible for the increased tetanic tension could be identified.
Subject(s)
Immobilization , Muscles/enzymology , Muscles/physiology , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Animals , Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Hindlimb , Histocytochemistry , Muscle Contraction , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Organ SizeSubject(s)
Neuromuscular Junction/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal , Physical Exertion , Acetylcholinesterase/analysis , Adaptation, Physiological , Animals , Body Weight , Choline O-Acetyltransferase/analysis , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Motor Endplate/physiology , Muscles/enzymology , Myocardium/analysis , Organ Size , RatsABSTRACT
The effects of relative degrees of post-operative muscle activity and inactivity were compared in animals having undergone peripheral nerve section and repair (i.e. cross-innervation and self-innervation). The muscles involved were the fast twitch flexor hallucis longus and the slow twitch soleus muscles of the guinea pig. Reinnervation of the muscle was complete with either the original nerve or with a foreign nerve after 6 months in all groups of animals regardless of whether the animals were exercised or confined to small individual cages so as to restrict their activity. It can be stated that: (a) the duration (1 week-1 month) of hind-limb immobilization did not alter the extent and efficiency of reinnervation; (b) muscle protein concentration fell in animals whose hind-limbs were immobilized 1 month post-operatively; (c) by using the cross-innervation procedure, histochemical fiber populations correlated closely with the physiologically determined contraction time of the muscle.
