The effect of weight change over a 2-year period on inflammatory status in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Body fat distribution has been shown to be a predictor of adhesion molecule and inflammatory marker expression albeit the effect of modest weight change on concentrations of adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women are not fully understood. The primary aim was to investigate the effects of weight change on adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers over 24 months in postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Body composition was assessed in 254 healthy postmenopausal women using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers were analysed by multiplex ELISA. Participants weight gain/loss at 24 months was defined as any value that was either above/below the weight value recorded at baseline. RESULTS: Postmenopausal women with an average weight loss of 3% had significantly decreased leptin concentrations by 18% at 24 months (P < 0.01). A 4% increase in body weight or a 9% increase in FMI significantly increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and leptin concentrations in postmenopausal women at 24 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Modest weight loss in postmenopausal women has a lowering effect on leptin concentrations over 24 months which may improve inflammatory status whilst modest weight gain increases ICAM-1, leptin and TNF-α, markers which are associated with a pro-inflammatory state and vascular complications.

Effects of supplementation with a calcium-rich marine-derived multi-mineral supplement and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on serum lipids in postmenopausal women.

Recent literature suggests that Ca supplements have adverse effects on cardiovascular health. The effects of a Ca-rich supplement administered alone or in combination with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) on serum lipids in postmenopausal women were examined using secondary data from a 24-month double-blind randomised controlled study. A total of 300 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to daily supplements of 800 mg of Ca (2·4 g Aquamin) (Ca), 800 mg of Ca with 3 g of scFOS (CaFOS) or control (maltodextrin) (MD). A full lipid profile, body composition, blood pressure and a range of cytokines were measured at baseline and after 24 months. Intention-to-treat ANCOVA assessed treatment effects between the groups. A significant time-by-treatment effect was observed for LDL and total cholesterol for the Ca and CaFOS groups, with both groups having lower LDL and total cholesterol concentrations compared with MD after 24 months. The control group had mean (5·2 mmol/l) total cholesterol concentrations above the normal range (≤ 5 mmol/l) at 24 months, whereas values remained within the normal range in the treatment groups. There was no significant treatment effect on HDL-cholesterol, TAG, body composition, blood pressure or cytokine concentrations at 24 months, with the exception of IL-4, where there was a significant increase in the CaFOS group compared with the placebo. This study demonstrates a lipid-lowering effect of both the Ca-rich supplement alone and the supplement with scFOS. At the 4-year follow-up, there was no significant difference between the groups for reported diagnosed cardiovascular conditions.