Screening of a large PAX6 cohort identified many novel variants and emphasises the importance of the paired and homeobox domains.

Pathogenic variants within PAX6 are most often associated with aniridia, but have been linked with other phenotypes such as nystagmus, cataracts and foveal hypoplasia. Data are presented from a large cohort of 434 probands referred for PAX6 diagnostic testing. This analysis identified a wide range of pathogenic variants (n = 145) in 254 probands (including 61 novel variants). Excluding missense variants predicted to affect splicing, all 29 of the remaining missense variants were located within the paired (n = 27) or homeobox (n = 2) domains of the PAX6 protein, providing further evidence that these domains are critical to normal PAX6 function. Genotype-phenotype evidence suggests that while aniridia is associated with most variant types, a much broader clinical spectrum is seen in patients harbouring a missense variant, or a frameshift or run-on variant that results in an elongated or extended PAX6 protein.

Computational Prediction and Design for Creating Iteratively Larger Heterospecific Coiled Coil Sets.

A major biochemical goal is the ability to mimic nature in engineering highly specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We previously devised a computational interactome screen to identify eight peptides that form four heterospecific dimers despite 32 potential off-targets. To expand the speed and utility of our approach and the PPI toolkit, we have developed new software to derive much larger heterospecific sets (≥24 peptides) while directing against antiparallel off-targets. It works by predicting Tm values for every dimer on the basis of core, electrostatic, and helical propensity components. These guide interaction specificity, allowing heterospecific coiled coil (CC) sets to be incrementally assembled. Prediction accuracy is experimentally validated using circular dichroism and size exclusion chromatography. Thermal denaturation data from a 22-CC training set were used to improve software prediction accuracy and verified using a 136-CC test set consisting of eight predicted heterospecific dimers and 128 off-targets. The resulting software, qCIPA, individually now weighs core a-a' (II/NN/NI) and electrostatic g-e'+1 (EE/EK/KK) components. The expanded data set has resulted in emerging sequence context rules for otherwise energetically equivalent CCs; for example, introducing intrahelical electrostatic charge blocks generated increased stability for designed CCs while concomitantly decreasing the stability of off-target CCs. Coupled with increased prediction accuracy and speed, the approach can be applied to a wide range of downstream chemical and synthetic biology applications, in addition more generally to impose specificity on structurally unrelated PPIs.

Deriving Heterospecific Self-Assembling Protein-Protein Interactions Using a Computational Interactome Screen.

Interactions between naturally occurring proteins are highly specific, with protein-network imbalances associated with numerous diseases. For designed protein-protein interactions (PPIs), required specificity can be notoriously difficult to engineer. To accelerate this process, we have derived peptides that form heterospecific PPIs when combined. This is achieved using software that generates large virtual libraries of peptide sequences and searches within the resulting interactome for preferentially interacting peptides. To demonstrate feasibility, we have (i) generated 1536 peptide sequences based on the parallel dimeric coiled-coil motif and varied residues known to be important for stability and specificity, (ii) screened the 1,180,416 member interactome for predicted Tm values and (iii) used predicted Tm cutoff points to isolate eight peptides that form four heterospecific PPIs when combined. This required that all 32 hypothetical off-target interactions within the eight-peptide interactome be disfavoured and that the four desired interactions pair correctly. Lastly, we have verified the approach by characterising all 36 pairs within the interactome. In analysing the output, we hypothesised that several sequences are capable of adopting antiparallel orientations. We subsequently improved the software by removing sequences where doing so led to fully complementary electrostatic pairings. Our approach can be used to derive increasingly large and therefore complex sets of heterospecific PPIs with a wide range of potential downstream applications from disease modulation to the design of biomaterials and peptides in synthetic biology.

Truncation, randomization, and selection: generation of a reduced length c-Jun antagonist that retains high interaction stability.

The DNA binding activity of the transcriptional regulator activator protein-1 shows considerable promise as a target in cancer therapy. A number of different strategies have been employed to inhibit the function of this protein with promise having been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Peptide-based therapeutics have received renewed interest in the last few years, and a number of 37-amino acid peptides capable of binding to the coiled coil dimerization domain of Jun and Fos have been derived. Here, we demonstrate how truncation and semi-rational library design, followed by protein-fragment complementation, can be used to produce a leucine zipper binding peptide by iterative means. To this end, we have implemented this strategy on the FosW peptide to produce 4hFosW. This peptide is truncated by four residues with comparably favorable binding properties and demonstrates the possibility to design progressively shorter peptides to serve as leucine zipper antagonists while retaining many of the key features of the parent peptide. Whether or not the necessity for low molecular weight antagonists is required from the perspective of druggability and efficacy is subject to debate. However, antagonists of reduced length are worthy of perusal from the point of view of synthetic cost as well as identifying the smallest functional unit that is required for binding.