Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects , Drug Eruptions/etiology , Keratoacanthoma/etiology , Aged , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage , B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Eruptions/drug therapy , Female , Humans , Immunotherapy/adverse effects , Immunotherapy/methods , Keratoacanthoma/drug therapy , Male , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Opioid overprescribing is a major contributor to the opioid crisis. The lack of procedure-specific guidelines contributes to the vast differences in prescribing practices. OBJECTIVE: To create opioid-prescribing consensus guidelines for common dermatologic procedures. METHODS: We used a 4-step modified Delphi method to conduct a systematic discussion among a panel of dermatologists in the fields of general dermatology, dermatologic surgery, and cosmetics/phlebology to develop opioid prescribing guidelines for some of the most common dermatologic procedural scenarios. Guidelines were developed for opioid-naive patients undergoing routine procedures. Opioid tablets were defined as oxycodone 5-mg oral equivalents. RESULTS: Postoperative pain after most uncomplicated procedures (76%) can be adequately managed with acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen. Group consensus identified no specific dermatologic scenario that routinely requires more than 15 oxycodone 5-mg oral equivalents to manage postoperative pain. Group consensus found that 23% of the procedural scenarios routinely require 1 to 10 opioid tablets, and only 1 routinely requires 1 to 15 opioid tablets. LIMITATIONS: These recommendations are based on expert consensus in lieu of quality evidence-based outcomes research. These recommendations must be individualized to accommodate patients' comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Procedure-specific opioid prescribing guidelines may serve as a foundation to produce effective and responsible postoperative pain management strategies after dermatologic interventions.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Dermatology , Drug Prescriptions/standards , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Dermatologic Surgical Procedures , Female , Humans , Male , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
Skin cancer is the most common malignancy affecting solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), and SOTR experience increased skin cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. There are no formal multidisciplinary guidelines for skin cancer screening after transplant, and current practices are widely variable. We conducted three rounds of Delphi method surveys with a panel of 84 U.S. dermatologists and transplant physicians to establish skin cancer screening recommendations for SOTR. The transplant team should risk stratify SOTR for screening, and dermatologists should perform skin cancer screening by full-body skin examination. SOTR with a history of skin cancer should continue regular follow-up with dermatology for skin cancer surveillance. High-risk transplant patients include thoracic organ recipients, SOTR age 50 and above, and male SOTR. High-risk Caucasian patients should be screened within 2 years after transplant, all Caucasian, Asian, Hispanic, and high-risk African American patients should be screened within 5 years after transplant. No consensus was reached regarding screening for low-risk African American SOTR. We propose a standardized approach to skin cancer screening in SOTR based on multidisciplinary expert consensus. These guidelines prioritize and emphasize the need for screening for SOTR at greatest risk for skin cancer.
Subject(s)
Delphi Technique , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Organ Transplantation/adverse effects , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Consensus , Female , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Male , Risk Assessment , Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology , Transplant Recipients , United StatesABSTRACT
Skin cancer is a common post-transplant complication. In this study, the Skin and Ultraviolet Neoplasia Transplant Risk Assessment Calculator (SUNTRAC) was developed to stratify patients into risk groups for post-transplant skin cancer. Data for this study were obtained from the Transplant Skin Cancer Network (TSCN), which conducted a multicenter study across 26 transplant centers in the United States. In total, 6340 patients, transplanted from 2003 and 2008, were included. Weighted point values were assigned for each risk factor based on beta coefficients from multivariable modeling: white race (9 points), pretransplant history of skin cancer (6 points), age ≥ 50 years (4 points), male sex (2 points), and thoracic transplant (1 point). Good prognostic discrimination (optimism-corrected c statistic of 0.74) occurred with a 4-tier system: 0-6 points indicating low risk, 7-13 points indicating medium risk, 14-17 points indicating high risk, and 18-22 points indicating very high risk. The 5-year cumulative incidence of development of skin cancer was 1.01%, 6.15%, 15.14%, and 44.75%, for Low, Medium, High, and Very High SUNTRAC categories, respectively. Based on the skin cancer risk in different groups, the authors propose skin cancer screening guidelines based on this risk model.
Subject(s)
Organ Transplantation/adverse effects , Skin Neoplasms/etiology , Adult , Cohort Studies , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Skin Neoplasms/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A number of medications for short-term and long-term use have been linked to an increased risk for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC). Immunosuppressive medications are associated with an increased risk for KC and melanoma due to reduction of antitumor immune surveillance, and some immunosuppressive agents directly impact DNA replication and repair. Clinical and epidemiologic studies have shown an increased risk for KC in users of photosensitizing medications. Additional mechanisms include drug-induced modulation of DNA damage repair, enhancement of keratinocyte proliferation, and direct carcinogenic effect. Alternatively, some medications potentially decrease KC risk. This article reviews the literature on medications associated with KC risk.
