The genome sequence of the ten-spot ladybird, Adalia decempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Adalia decempunctata (the ten-spot ladybird; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Coccinellidae). The genome sequence is 489.4 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 19.68 kilobases in length.

The genome sequence of a hoverfly, Merodon equestris (Fabricius, 1794).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Merodon equestris (hoverfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Syrphidae). The genome sequence is 873.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 6 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.95 kilobases in length.

The genome sequence of the wood-carving leafcutter bee, Megachile ligniseca (Kirby, 1802).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Megachile ligniseca (the wood-carving leafcutter bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Megachilidae). The genome sequence is 290.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 16 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 23.71 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl 11,722 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Winter Shade, Tortricodes alternella [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Tortricodes alternella (the Winter Shade; Arthropoda; None; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae). The genome sequence is 441.2 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 22 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.73 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 17,280 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the spotted cranefly, Nephrotoma appendiculata (Pierre, 1919).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Nephrotoma appendiculata (the spotted cranefly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Tipulidae). The genome sequence is 1,138.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 4 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.42 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 17,753 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Summer Chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Amphimallon solstitiale (the Summer Chafer; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae). The genome sequence is 1,584.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 11 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 19.29 kilobases in length.

The genome sequence of the Four-banded Bee-grabber, Conops quadrifasciatus De Geer, 1776.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Conops quadrifasciatus (the Four-banded Bee-grabber; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Conopidae). The genome sequence is 210.4 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 18.07 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 23,090 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Emperor moth, Saturnia pavonia (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Saturnia pavonia (the Emperor moth; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Saturniidae). The genome sequence is 489.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 30 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.29 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11,903 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of a beetle-killing wasp, Tiphia femorata (Fabricius, 1775).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Tiphia femorata (a beetle-killing wasp; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Tiphilidae). The genome sequence is 276 megabases in span. Most of the assembly (98.73%) is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The complete mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 22.4 kilobases in length. Annotation of the genome in Ensembl identified 10,470 protein-coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Kite-tailed Robberfly, Machimus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Machimus atricapillus (the Kite-tailed Robberfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Asilidae). The genome sequence is 268.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into six chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.3 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 10,978 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Lesser Hornet Hoverfly, Volucella inanis (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Volucella inanis (the Lesser Hornet Hoverfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Syrphidae). The genome sequence is 961 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into six chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the assembled X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.0 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 11,616 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Field Cuckoo-bee, Bombus campestris (Panzer, 1801).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Bombus campestris (the Field Cuckoo-bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 275 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 25 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 24.7 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 12,993 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Early Bumblebee, Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Bombus pratorum (the Early Bumblebee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 285.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 21.5 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 13,746 protein coding genes.

Opsin Gene Duplication in Lepidoptera: Retrotransposition, Sex Linkage, and Gene Expression.

Color vision in insects is determined by signaling cascades, central to which are opsin proteins, resulting in sensitivity to light at different wavelengths. In certain insect groups, lineage-specific evolution of opsin genes, in terms of copy number, shifts in expression patterns, and functional amino acid substitutions, has resulted in changes in color vision with subsequent behavioral and niche adaptations. Lepidoptera are a fascinating model to address whether evolutionary change in opsin content and sequence evolution are associated with changes in vision phenotype. Until recently, the lack of high-quality genome data representing broad sampling across the lepidopteran phylogeny has greatly limited our ability to accurately address this question. Here, we annotate opsin genes in 219 lepidopteran genomes representing 33 families, reconstruct their evolutionary history, and analyze shifts in selective pressures and expression between genes and species. We discover 44 duplication events in opsin genes across ∼300 million years of lepidopteran evolution. While many duplication events are species or family specific, we find retention of an ancient long-wavelength-sensitive (LW) opsin duplication derived by retrotransposition within the speciose superfamily Noctuoidea (in the families Nolidae, Erebidae, and Noctuidae). This conserved LW retrogene shows life stage-specific expression suggesting visual sensitivities or other sensory functions specific to the early larval stage. This study provides a comprehensive order-wide view of opsin evolution across Lepidoptera, showcasing high rates of opsin duplications and changes in expression patterns.

The genome sequence of the Figwort Cheilosia, Cheilosia variabilis (Panzer, 1798).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Cheilosia variabilis (the Figwort Cheilosia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Syrphidae). The genome sequence is 414.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.77 kilobases in length.

The genome sequence of the Forest Cuckoo Bee, Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832).

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Bombus sylvestris (the Forest Cuckoo Bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 303 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 24 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 23.6 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 13,025 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of a ground beetle, Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius, 1792).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Nebria brevicollis (a ground beetle; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Carabidae). The genome sequence is 242 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 15 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the X sex chromosome assembled. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 25.2 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11,021 protein-coding genes.

The genome sequence of the Common Carder Bee, Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Bombus pascuorum (the Common Carder Bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence is 307.5 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 17 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 21.9 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 12,999 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of the orange ladybird, Halyzia sedecimguttata (Linnaeus, 1758).

We present a genome assembly from an individual Halyzia sedecimguttata (the orange ladybird, Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). The genome sequence is 919.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 21.0 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 27,547 protein coding genes.

The genome sequence of Philonthus cognatus (Stephens, 1832) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), a rove beetle.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Philonthus cognatus (a rove beetle; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Staphylinidae). The genome sequence is 1,030.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 20.7 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 29,629 protein coding genes.