ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Consideration of patient autonomy is an essential element in individualized, patient-centered, ethical care. Internal and external factors associated with patient autonomy are related to culture and it is not clear what they are in Iran. The aim of this study was to explore contextual factors affecting the autonomy of patients in Iranian hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study using conventional content analysis methods. Thirty-four participants (23 patients, 9 nurses, and 2 doctors) from three Iranian teaching hospitals, selected using purposive sampling, participated in semi-structured interviews. Unstructured observation and filed notes were other methods for data collection. The data were subjected to qualitative content analysis and analyzed using the MAXQDA-10 software. RESULTS: Five categories and sixteen subcategories were identified. The five main categories related to patient autonomy were: Intrapersonal factors, physical health status, supportive family and friends, communication style, and organizational constraints. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study uncovered contextual factors that the care team, managers, and planners in the health field should target in order to improve patient autonomy in Iranian hospitals.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The concept of self-esteem has several definitions in different paradigms. Nursing has a unique and combined paradigm; therefore it is necessary to explore nursing students' understanding of the concept of self-esteem. The present study aimed to discover the extent and characteristics of the concept of self-esteem from the perspective of Iranian nursing students through a qualitative approach. METHODS: This study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method with the participation of 14 nursing students. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants and data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed simultaneously. RESULTS: Study findings showed that the nursing students' self-esteem is related to the sense of worthy they perceived as being a nursing student. Nursing students' self-esteem was determined through sense of worthy related to their perceived professionalism level, socialization into the profession, and enthusing of them about being a nursing student. CONCLUSION: If a nursing student was proud of her or his nursing role, then he or she would enjoy the nursing course and all that entailed; such as communication with colleagues, performing the tasks and, generally her or his career.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Patients with T4 oral cavity (OC) tumors are often treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 4 multi-institutional phase II studies estimating long-term toxicity, locoregional control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of primary CRT. RESULTS: Thirty-nine subjects were identified; 16 (42%) with bony involvement. Median radiotherapy dose delivered to primary tumor was 74 Gy. Five-year OS, PFS, and LC rates were 56%, 51%, and 75%, respectively. Sixty-nine percent of subjects with bony involvement never relapsed. Seven subjects developed osteoradionecrosis. Bone involvement with primary tumor did not appear to be associated with increased risk of death, relapse, or long-term complication. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that primary CRT is an effective treatment approach in patients with T4 OC tumors including those with bony involvement producing LC, survival, and complication rates comparable to historical series. Prospective clinical trials should evaluate primary surgical versus CRT treatment in these patients.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cohort Studies , Combined Modality Therapy , Disease-Free Survival , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Female , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Male , Maximum Tolerated Dose , Middle Aged , Mouth Neoplasms/mortality , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Radiography , Radiotherapy Dosage , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Analysis , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Clinical Competence , Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/methods , Manikins , Students, Nursing , Attitude of Health Personnel , Clinical Competence/standards , Computer-Assisted Instruction/methods , Humans , Nursing Audit , Psychomotor Performance , Scotland , Students, Nursing/psychologyABSTRACT
Contends, on the basis of posited social-role theory of gender and helping, that the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has mainly been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships. In contrast, the helping behaviors prescribed by the male gender role have been generously represented in research findings because they are displayed in relationships with strangers as well as in close relationships. Results from a meta-analytic review of sex differences in 172 studies (appended) in helping behavior indicate that in general men helped more than women and women received more help than men. Nevertheless, sex differences in helping were inconsistent across studies and were successfully predicted by various attributes of the studies and the helping behaviors. (96 ref) (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
