ABSTRACT
Technological development is key for national strategies to cope with the Paris Agreement's goals. Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) aim to identify, prioritize, and diffuse climate change mitigation and/or adaptation technologies in developing countries. Their methodology includes a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework but, although many countries already conducted a TNA, literature lacks discussions on country-specific processes for a TNA, as it usually follows a one-size-fits-all approach. This paper provides empirical evidence on the importance of country-driven processes that help shaping international programmes into country-specific needs and capabilities. It presents lessons learned from a tailored process for identification, prioritization, and selection of mitigation technologies in the scope of a TNA project for Brazil, an exceptional case of a developing country with strong capacity in integrated assessment modelling (IAM) scenarios for guiding its climate strategies. A previous IAM scenario result allowed pre-selecting technologies in six key economic sectors, while other TNAs prioritized no more than three. This allowed the elaboration of an overall ranking from the MCDA, in contrast to sectoral rankings that are mostly employed in other countries' TNAs. The overall ranking serves not only as a basis for the selection of priority technologies but also provides information on the integrated innovations framework for climate technologies in the country. Further specific findings of the tailored Brazilian TNA approach are discussed in the paper in order to call for the importance that a technology transfer project should not only be country-driven but also conducted through a country-specific process. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11027-022-10025-6.
ABSTRACT
Born to enable its creators to fulfill their needs, scientific technique has always played a significant role in human civilization. This is the context in which we glimpse the advent of modern technoscience, which has significantly contributed to the increment of human control over nature. This study aims to analyze, under the focus of bioethics, reflections on the philosophy of science as they relate to the neutrality of science and converge with epistemic rationality, as well as to relate those reflections to the process of making decisions in the administration of technoscience. The study has raised doubts about the capacity of technoscientific knowledge to legitimize and justify the decisions within the ambit of the national science and technology systems, thus signaling the need for promoting a link between technoscientific self-regulation and bioethic hetero-regulation.
Nascida para permitir que seus criadores possam atender suas próprias necessidades, a técnica científica sempre desempenhou papel significativo na civilização humana. Este é o contexto em que podemos vislumbrar o advento da tecnociência moderna, que tem contribuído significativamente para o incremento do controle humano sobre a natureza. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar, sob o enfoque da bioética, reflexões sobre como a filosofia da ciência entende a neutralidade da ciência e sua convergência com a racionalidade epistêmica, bem como relacionar essas reflexões ao processo de tomada de decisões na administração da tecnociência. O estudo levantou dúvidas sobre a capacidade do conhecimento tecnocientífico para legitimar e justificar as decisões no âmbito dos sistemas de ciência e tecnologia nacionais, sinalizando assim a necessidade de promover ligação entre a auto-regulação tecnocientífico e hetero-regulação bioética.
Nacida para permitir a sus creadores satisfacer sus necesidades, la técnica científica siempre ha desempeñado un papel importante en la civilización humana. Este es el contexto en el que se vislumbra el advenimiento de la tecnociencia moderna, la cual ha contribuido significativamente al incremento del control humano sobre la naturaleza. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar, bajo el enfoque de la bioética, reflexiones acerca de cómo la filosofía de la ciencia entiende a la neutralidad de la ciencia y a su convergencia con la racionalidad epistémica, así como relacionar estas reflexiones con el proceso de toma de decisiones en la administración de la tecnociencia. El estudio ha puesto en duda la capacidad del conocimiento tecnocientífico para legitimar y justificar las decisiones en el ámbito de los sistemas nacionales de ciencia y tecnología, señalando así la necesidad de promover un vínculo entre la autorregulación tecnocientífica y la hetero-regulación bioética.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bioethics , Decision Making , Knowledge , Science , Science, Technology and Society , Technological DevelopmentABSTRACT
Este artigo registra a contribuição histórica para a reflexão bioética trazida pela Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos (DUBDH), aprovada em 2005 pela Unesco. Concentrando-se nos aspectos relativos à vulnerabilidade e à responsabilidade social, são destacados e interpretados fatores orientadores para o Brasil. Em primeira mão é apresentado um histórico dos encontros que precederam a consolidação da Declaração e sua promulgação. O artigo conclui mostrando que a DUBDH trouxe valiosa contribuição ao âmbito das pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas, reafirmando que embora devam gozar de liberdade criativa, sejam orientadas por princípios éticos que respeitem claramente a dignidade humana, os direitos humanos e as liberdades fundamentais, dispensando especial atenção aos vulneráveis.
Subject(s)
Bioethics , Human Rights/history , Social Responsibility , Social Vulnerability , State , UNESCOABSTRACT
HPV-16 is the most prevalent human papillomavirus genotype found in cervical intraepithelial neoplasias. The regulatory region of the HPV genome, LCR, has several binding sites for cellular and viral transcription factors, and nucleotide substitutions in this genomic region can interfere with the viral oncogenic expression. The present study aims to determine the LCR variability of European and non-European HPV-16 variants found in Brazil. Through automated sequencing, it was possible to characterize the LCR of ten non-European (eight Asian-American, one African 1, one African 2) and twelve European isolates. Among the 22 isolates analyzed, nine may be new variants of HPV-16, with different combinations of previously reported nucleotide substitutions, and three showed new substitutions not previously reported. Two new nucleotide substitutions, the insertion of T at position 7621 and the substitution of A to G at position 7836, were found in a single isolate, Bsb-14, a putative new African 1 variant. The characterization of the LCR of human papillomaviruses can be of pivotal importance to the understanding of the viral replication and pathogenicity.
Subject(s)
Human papillomavirus 16/genetics , Human papillomavirus 16/isolation & purification , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Amino Acid Substitution , Base Sequence , Brazil , Female , Genome, Viral , Humans , White PeopleABSTRACT
The present study on molecular characterization of human papillomaviruses occurring in Central Brazil, describes two variants each of HPV-53 and HPV-58 and one variant of HPV-66 detected in samples from smears of women showing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II (CIN II). Samples were assayed by PCR using MY09/ MY11 consensus primers, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism typing. The five isolates showed atypical restriction fragment length profile and MY09/MY11 L1 PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Isolate Bsb-02 and Bsb-08 showed, respectively, 99% similarity to HPV-58 IS404 and 100% to HPV-58 IS417 previously described in the African Continent. Isolates Bsb-61 and Bsb-63 showed 98% similarity to HPV-53, and isolate Bsb-68, 97% similarity to HPV-66. Amino acid substitutions were found in two samples: one in Bsb-02 (T to N) at position 375 and the other in Bsb-61 (S to C) at position 343. Although all the substitutions in Bsb-68 proved to be silent, this sample showed the highest value of pairwise evolutionary distance (2.05%). In countries such as Brazil, where the virus prevalence is high and ethnicity, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, vary according to different regions, HPV variability must be wider and not yet clearly defined.
