ABSTRACT
Evidence suggests that sex/gender is an important factor for understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) and that some of its neuropathological consequences might manifest earlier in males. In the present study, we assessed gray matter (GM) volume and functional connectivity (FC) in a sample of female and male MS patients (MSp) and female and male healthy controls (HCs). As compared to female MSp, male MSp showed decreased GM volume in the bilateral frontal areas and increased FC between different brain regions. Because both sets of changes correlated significantly and no differences in cognitive performance were observed, we suggest that the FC increase observed in male MSp acts as a compensatory mechanism for their more extensive GM loss and that it promotes a functional convergence between male- and female-MSp.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Gray Matter/pathology , Gray Matter/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Atrophy , Brain Mapping , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of an oral fMRI-adapted version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) to assess information processing speed (IPS) using three different interstimulus intervals (ISI). METHODS: Nineteen right-handed healthy controls performed the adapted version of the SDMT, consisting of a block design that had a total of 6 control/activation block pairs with 3 different ISIs (1.5, 2 and 2.5s) presented in two different runs: in ascending and descending orders. The brain activation patterns during different ISIs were assessed by effective functional connectivity analysis based on independent component analysis. RESULTS: As expected, all conditions yielded activations in the fronto-parietal networks (FPNs) related to attention processes. Shorter ISIs (1.5 and 2s) not only yielded greater patterns of connectivity within fronto-parietal and occipital regions such as the FPN and fronto-occipital network (FON), but also recruited more functional networks overall. Task performance at the shortest ISI was negatively correlated with connectivity at the FPN and activity of the pre-supplementary motor area extending to the cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION: Increasing IPS demands due to shorter ISIs resulted in an increased level and number of functional networks required, increased connectivity within the FPN and FON, and enhancement of the prefrontal cortex. IPS does not arise from activity of a single b area but from affective information transfer among distant cortical regions of the frontal and parietal cortices. This adapted version of the SDMT may be useful for studying alterations of IPS in clinical and nonclinical populations.
Subject(s)
Brain/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Nerve Net/physiology , Adult , Attention/physiology , Brain Mapping , Female , Functional Neuroimaging , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychomotor Performance/physiologyABSTRACT
Se define el concepto, se precisan las indicaciones, así como algunos detalles de la técnica de la pleurectomía parietal. Se analizan 49 historias clínicas de pacientes operados en nuestro servicio en un lapso de 10 años. Se exponen resultados inmediatos de la totalidad de los pacientes, y tardíos de 17 de ellos(AU)
Subject(s)
Pneumothorax/surgery , Pleura/surgeryABSTRACT
Se revisaron 120 expedientes clínicos del archivo del hospital docente "General Calixto García", de pacientes ingresados por neumotórax traumático, ya fuera sólo o acompañado de otras lesiones, comprendidos entre los años 1975-1979, ambos inclusive, lo que representó el 47,7 porciento del total de ingresos por trauma torácico en el servicio de cirugía general. Se estudiaron los parámetros generales, las lesiones asociadas más frecuentes, las causas desencadenantes del traumatismo, los tipos de lesiones, el tratamiento quirúrgico, las complicaciones y la mortalidad por esta afección. Se señaló una mortalidad del 9,1 porciento siendo ésta menor que la informada por otros autores (AU)
Subject(s)
PneumothoraxABSTRACT
In a herd of 120 two to eight months old calves kept at a Mexican Government experimental station in Ajuchitlan, Querétaro, weight loss and ptialism were observed. Upon a clinical examination, it was found that 31 (25.8%) of the animals disclosed papules in the oral and perioral regions. Biopsies from the affected tissues were studied with the light and electron microscopes. Serological studies and isolation of the virus were also carried out. A Pox virus was identified (240 x 100 x 150 +/- 7% nm) with the electron microscope. Dermatophilus sp. was occasionally observed. Bovine kidney monolayers, inoculated with affected bovine tissues demonstrated cytopathic effect up to the 4th serial passage. Inoculation with cell cultured infectious material in the oral submucosa (cell lysate) produced typical lesions of BPS on a heifer. Infectious tissues from this experimentally inoculated animal produced cytopathic effect in tissue cultured cells after 24 hours, and this last material was infectious for a second young heifer. Virus-neutralization tests, using an hyperimmune serum, disclosed a neutralization index of 1.5 logarithms. It was concluded that bovine papular stomatitis virus was the etiological agent.
