Seasonal population dynamics of Lepeophtheirus spinifer and Neobenedenia sp. coinfecting snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) breeders in marine cages in the Philippines.

Studies on the biology and ecology of sea lice are lacking in tropical regions such as in Southeast Asia where finfish cage farming has grown dramatically in the past decades. This study investigated the seasonal population dynamics of ectoparasites infecting captive snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) breeders in marine cages in the Philippines. The pompano breeders were found to be naturally coinfected with caligid copepod Lepeophtheirus spinifer and capsalid monogenean Neobenedenia sp. These breeders were monitored and examined bimonthly (n = 10 per sampling) from September 2017 to May 2018, covering the warm season and cold season in the Philippines. Our results clearly show that L. spinifer population maintain a 100 % prevalence throughout warm and cold seasons however, mean abundance and intensity increased only during the cold months (early November to early March) and displayed an oscillating trend during this period. Highest mean intensity was recorded in early January (221.4 ± 24.6; temperature = 27.5 ± 0.3 °C; salinity = 34.8 ± 0.3 ppt) while the lowest mean intensity was recorded during the warm months dipping to 12.5 ± 1.9 in early May (temperature = 30.5 ± 0.3 °C; salinity = 30.3 ± 0.3 ppt). The prevalence of adult and pre-adult was high throughout the monitoring period at 70-100 % except at the start of summer (late March to early May) for pre-adult (30-90 %). In comparison, the chalimus stages were only observed during the cold months specifically from early November to late January with prevalence of 40-80 %. The highest mean abundance (3.4 ± 0.7) and mean intensity (4.3 ± 0.6) was in early November which coincided with the first peak of the total L. spinifer population. Neobenedenia sp. occurred year-round with no significant changes in the population mean abundance and mean intensity between warm and cold seasons. This study presents comprehensive information on the seasonal population dynamics of L. spinifer and Neobenedenia sp. in the Philippines, providing valuable insights on the ecology of caligid sea louse which is fundamental in the formulation of control and management strategies of these economically significant ectoparasites.

New records of Caligidae (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) from the Philippines.

Parasitic copepods, especially sea lice (Caligidae) are causing economic problems in both aquaculture and to wild fishes around the world, but their study in at least some of the southeastern Asian countries, is still scanty. Here we provide new information on the distribution of 11 known species of parasitic copepods collected from 11 marine fish hosts from Iloilo, central part of the Philippines. Two species of the genus Anuretes Heller, 1865 and nine species of the genus Caligus Müller, 1785 were found to infest these hosts, i.e. Anuretes branchialis Rangnekar, 1953 from Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775); A. plectorhynchi Yamaguti, 1936 from P. orbicularis and Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese, 1936); Caligus absens Ho, Lin et Chen, 2000 from Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829; C. asymmetricus Kabata, 1965 and C. coryphaenae (Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861) from Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800); C. bonito Wilson, 1905 from Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758; C. cordyla Pillai, 1963 from Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758); C. cornutus Heegaard, 1962 from Sphyraena jello Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829; C. epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936 from Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède, 1801; C. kanagurta Pillai, 1961 from Decapterus kurroides Bleeker, 1855, D. macarellus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833) and C. hippurus; and C. rotundigenitalis Yü, 1933 from Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766). Attachment sites included the gill filaments and the body surface. Prevalence and mean intensity of caligids are provided in addition to an update on the checklist of caligids of the Philippines. Although reports on caligids in the Philippines are few, the published records indicate that sea lice are widely distributed throughout the archipelago.