Development of Conductivity Sensors for Multi-Phase Flow Local Measurements at the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) and University Jaume I of Castellon (UJI).

This paper describes all the procedures and methods currently used at UPV (Universitat Politécnica de Valencia) and UJI (University Jaume I) for the development and use of sensors for multi-phase flow analysis in vertical pipes. This paper also describes the methods that we use to obtain the values of the two-phase flow magnitudes from the sensor signals and the validation and cross-verification methods developed to check the consistency of the results obtained for these magnitudes with the sensors. First, we provide information about the procedures used to build the multi-sensor conductivity probes and some of the tests performed with different materials to avoid sensor degradation issues. In addition, we provide information about the characteristics of the electric circuits that feed the sensors. Then the data acquisition of the conductivity probe, the signal conditioning and the data processing including the device that have been designed to automatize all the measurement process of moving the sensors inside the channels by means of stepper electric motors controlled by computer are shown in operation. Then, we explain the methods used for bubble identification and categorization. Finally, we describe the methodology used to obtain the two-phase flow information from the sensor signals. This includes the following items: void fraction, gas velocity, Sauter mean diameter and interfacial area concentration. The last part of this paper is devoted to the conductance probes developed for the annular flow analysis, which includes the analysis of the interfacial waves produced in annular flow and that requires a different type of sensor.

Satisfacción vital y factores sociodemográficos en mujeres de mediana edad / Life satisfaction and related socio-demographic factors during female midlife

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio investiga el grado de satisfacción vital en mujeres de mediana edad. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional transversal de 235 mujeres de edad comprendida entre 40 y 65 años, domiciliadas en Granada, acompañantes sanas de pacientes asistentes a las consultas de obstetricia y ginecología, que cumplimentaron la Escala de Satisfacción Vital de Diener, la Escala de Puntuación de la Menopausia, la Escala de Estrés Percibido, el Índice de Severidad de Insomnio y un cuestionario sociodemográfico incluyendo datos personales y de la pareja. También se calculó la consistencia interna de cada instrumento. RESULTADOS: El 61,3% de las mujeres eran postmenopáusicas, el 43,8% tenían obesidad abdominal, el 36,6% sufría insomnio, el 18,7% tenía mala calidad de vida relacionada con la menopausia, el 31,9% hacia ejercicio con regularidad, y el 5,1% tenía problemas económicos graves. La satisfacción vital tuvo correlaciones (prueba de Spearman) positivas significativas con la edad femenina y la masculina, y negativas significativas con la calidad de vida relacionada con la menopausia, el estrés percibido y el insomnio. En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, la alta satisfacción vital se correlacionó positivamente con tener una pareja que hiciese ejercicio, e inversamente con tener problemas laborales, el grado de estrés percibido y la sospecha de infidelidad de la pareja. Estos factores explican el 40% de la varianza en el análisis de regresión múltiple para la satisfacción vital en mujeres de mediana edad. CONCLUSIÓN: La satisfacción vital es un constructo relacionado con el estrés percibido, los problemas laborales y tener pareja, mientras que los aspectos relacionados con la menopausia y la salud general no tuvieron influencia significativa

OBJECTIVE: To assess life satisfaction and related factors in middle-aged Spanish women. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study including 235 women aged 40 to 65, living in Granada (Spain), healthy companions of patients visiting the obstetrics and gynecology clinics. They completed the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Menopause Rating Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Insomnia Severity Index and a sociodemographic questionnaire containing personal and partner data. Internal consistency of each tool was also calculated. RESULTS: Almost two-thirds (61.3%) of the women were postmenopausal, and 43.8% had abdominal obesity, 36.6% had insomnia, 18.7% had poor menopause-related quality of life, 31.9% performed regular exercise, and 5.1% had severe financial problems. Life satisfaction showed significant positive correlations (Spearman's test) with female and male age, and inverse correlations with menopause-related quality of life, perceived stress and insomnia. In the multiple linear regression analysis, high life satisfaction is positively correlated with having a partner who performed exercise, and inversely with having work problems, perceived stress and the suspicion of partner infidelity. These factors explained 40% of the variance of the multiple regression analysis for life satisfaction in middle-aged women. CONCLUSIÓN: Life satisfaction is a construct related to perceived stress, work problems, and having a partner, while aspects of menopause and general health had no significant influence

[Life satisfaction and related socio-demographic factors during female midlife]. / Satisfacción vital y factores sociodemográficos en mujeres de mediana edad.

OBJECTIVE: To assess life satisfaction and related factors in middle-aged Spanish women. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study including 235 women aged 40 to 65, living in Granada (Spain), healthy companions of patients visiting the obstetrics and gynecology clinics. They completed the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Menopause Rating Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Insomnia Severity Index and a sociodemographic questionnaire containing personal and partner data. Internal consistency of each tool was also calculated. RESULTS: Almost two-thirds (61.3%) of the women were postmenopausal, and 43.8% had abdominal obesity, 36.6% had insomnia, 18.7% had poor menopause-related quality of life, 31.9% performed regular exercise, and 5.1% had severe financial problems. Life satisfaction showed significant positive correlations (Spearman's test) with female and male age, and inverse correlations with menopause-related quality of life, perceived stress and insomnia. In the multiple linear regression analysis, high life satisfaction is positively correlated with having a partner who performed exercise, and inversely with having work problems, perceived stress and the suspicion of partner infidelity. These factors explained 40% of the variance of the multiple regression analysis for life satisfaction in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION: Life satisfaction is a construct related to perceived stress, work problems, and having a partner, while aspects of menopause and general health had no significant influence.