Changes in primary care visits for respiratory illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational study by the International Consortium of Primary Care Big Data Researchers (INTRePID).

Objectives: The majority of patients with respiratory illness are seen in primary care settings. Given COVID-19 is predominantly a respiratory illness, the INTernational ConsoRtium of Primary Care BIg Data Researchers (INTRePID), assessed the pandemic impact on primary care visits for respiratory illnesses. Design: Definitions for respiratory illness types were agreed on collectively. Monthly visit counts with diagnosis were shared centrally for analysis. Setting: Primary care settings in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Norway, Peru, Singapore, Sweden and the United States. Participants: Over 38 million patients seen in primary care settings in INTRePID countries before and during the pandemic, from January 1st, 2018, to December 31st, 2021. Main outcome measures: Relative change in the monthly mean number of visits before and after the onset of the pandemic for acute infectious respiratory disease visits including influenza, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and chronic respiratory disease visits including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory allergies, and other respiratory diseases. Results: INTRePID countries reported a marked decrease in the average monthly visits for respiratory illness. Changes in visits varied from -10.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): -33.1 to +11.3%] in Norway to -79.9% (95% CI: -86.4% to -73.4%) in China for acute infectious respiratory disease visits and - 2.1% (95% CI: -12.1 to +7.8%) in Peru to -59.9% (95% CI: -68.6% to -51.3%) in China for chronic respiratory illness visits. While seasonal variation in allergic respiratory illness continued during the pandemic, there was essentially no spike in influenza illness during the first 2 years of the pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on primary care visits for respiratory presentations. Primary care continued to provide services for respiratory illness, although there was a decrease in infectious illness during the COVID pandemic. Understanding the role of primary care may provide valuable information for COVID-19 recovery efforts and planning for future global emergencies.

Correction: Social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001330.].

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health visits in primary care: an interrupted time series analysis from nine INTRePID countries.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health disorders, affecting both individuals with pre-existing conditions and those with no prior history. However, there is limited evidence regarding the pandemic's impact on mental health visits to primary care physicians. The International Consortium of Primary Care Big Data Researchers (INTRePID) explored primary care visit trends related to mental health conditions in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Norway, Peru, Singapore, Sweden, and the USA. Methods: We conducted an interrupted time series analysis in nine countries to examine changes in rates of monthly mental health visits to primary care settings from January 1st, 2018, to December 31st, 2021. Sub-group analysis considered service type (in-person/virtual) and six categories of mental health conditions (anxiety/depression, bipolar/schizophrenia/other psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, dementia, ADHD/eating disorders, and substance use disorder). Findings: Mental health visit rates increased after the onset of the pandemic in most countries. In Argentina, Canada, China, Norway, Peru, and Singapore, this increase was immediate ranged from an incidence rate ratio of 1·118 [95% CI 1.053-1.187] to 2.240 [95% CI 2.057-2.439] when comparing the first month of pandemic with the pre-pandemic trend. Increases in the following months varied across countries. Anxiety/depression was the leading reason for mental health visits in most countries. Virtual visits were reported in Australia, Canada, Norway, Peru, Sweden, and the USA, accounting for up to 40% of the total mental health visits. Interpretation: Findings suggest an overall increase in mental health visits, driven largely by anxiety/depression. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the studied countries adopted virtual care in particular for mental health visits. Primary care plays a crucial role in addressing mental ill-health in times of crisis. Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant #173094 and the Rathlyn Foundation Primary Care EMR Research and Discovery Fund.

Complicated grief and its relationship with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Complicated grief (CG) resulting from poor adaptation to the death of a close person may have been related with the presence of other mental health problems in older adults in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study aimed to assess the association between CG and anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in older adults in Peru in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the "Socioemotional evaluation form" applied in 2020 to mental health problems in older adults attending the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). For our study, we included older adults who reported the death of a close person during the last six months when this assessment was performed. CG, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation were initially evaluated using validated questionnaires. The association between CG and the presence of mental health problems was calculated through multivariate analysis, where prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Of the 249 older adults included, 175 (70.3%) were female with a median age of 71 years (interquartile range: 9), and 35 (14.1%) reported the presence of CG. It was found that CG in this population was associated with the presence of anxiety (PR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.85), depression (PR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.95), and suicidal ideation (PR: 2.84, 95% CI: 1.06 to 7.59). CONCLUSIONS: CG is related to the presence of mental health problems in older adults in Peru. It is essential to implement measures that facilitate the prevention and proper management of this condition in this population, especially in the context of high population mortality such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Integrated Management Systems (IMS) to Support and Sustain Quality One Health Services: International Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic by the IMIA Primary Care Working Group.

OBJECTIVES: One Health considers human, animal and environment health as a continuum. The COVID-19 pandemic started with the leap of a virus from animals to humans. Integrated management systems (IMS) should provide a coherent management framework, to meet reporting requirements and support care delivery. We report IMS deployment during, and retention post the COVID-19 pandemic, and exemplar One Health use cases. METHODS: Six volunteer members of the International Medical Association's (IMIA) Primary Care Working Group provided data about any IMS and One Health use to support the COVID-19 pandemic initiatives. We explored how IMS were: (1) Integrated with organisational strategy; (2) Utilised standardised processes, and (3) Met reporting requirements, including public health. Selected contributors provided Unified Modelling Language (UML) use case diagram for a One Health exemplar. RESULTS: There was weak evidence of synergy between IMS and health system strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there were rapid pragmatic responses to COVID-19, not citing IMS. All health systems implemented IMS to link COVID test results, vaccine uptake and outcomes, particularly mortality and to provide patients access to test results and vaccination certification. Neither proportion of gross domestic product alone, nor vaccine uptake determined outcome. One Health exemplars demonstrated that animal, human and environmental specialists could collaborate. CONCLUSIONS: IMS use improved the pandemic response. However, IMS use was pragmatic rather than utilising an international standard, with some of their benefits lost post-pandemic. Health systems should incorporate IMS that enables One Health approaches as part of their post COVID-19 pandemic preparedness.

Scoping review of measures of treatment burden in patients with multimorbidity: advancements and current gaps.

OBJECTIVES: To identify, assess, and summarize the measures to assess burden of treatment in patients with multimorbidity (BoT-MMs) and their measurement properties. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: MEDLINE via PubMed was searched from inception until May 2021. Independent reviewers extracted data from studies in which BoT-MMs were developed, validated, or reported as used, including an assessment of their measurement properties (e.g., validity and reliability) using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments. RESULTS: Eight BoT-MMs were identified across 72 studies. Most studies were performed in English (68%), in high-income countries (90%), without noting urban-rural settings (90%). No BoT-MMs had both sufficient content validity and internal consistency; some measurement properties were either insufficient or uncertain (e.g., responsiveness). Other frequent limitations of BoT-MMs included absent recall time, presence of floor effects, and unclear rationale for categorizing and interpreting raw scores. CONCLUSION: The evidence needed for use of extant BoT-MMs in patients with multimorbidity remains insufficiently developed, including that of suitability for their development, measurement properties, interpretability of scores, and use in low-resource settings. This review summarizes this evidence and identifies issues needing attention for using BoT-MMs in research and clinical practice.

A pragmatic approach to equitable global health partnerships in academic health sciences.

Global partnerships offer opportunities for academic departments in the health sciences to achieve mutual benefits. However, they are often challenged by inequities in power, privilege and finances between partners that have plagued the discipline of global health since its founding. In this article, a group of global health practitioners in academic medicine offer a pragmatic framework and practical examples for designing more ethical, equitable and effective collaborative global relationships between academic health science departments, building on the principles laid out by the coalition Advocacy for Global Health Partnerships in the Brocher declaration.

Psychosocial telemonitoring and teleorientation for older adults in the Social Security (EsSalud) during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Introduction: The Peruvian Social Security during the COVID-19 pandemic implemented a psychosocial remote care program for older adults in order to improve their quality of life and prevent the development of mental problems. The study: Analysis of secondary data from records generated by teams from the Senior Centers at the national level between May and October 2020, with the aim to describe the experience of implementing Psychosocial telemonitoring and teleorientation for elderly patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: A total of 154 280 follow-ups and 36 492 remote care services were provided to older adults. The main interventions provided were emotional support (75.5%) and social counseling (53.8%). The most recorded moods were calmness and worry. Feelings of worry, stress, sadness, and fear are higher in the reports with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19. Conclusion: Psychosocial telemonitoring and teleorientation for older adults can be used as another way to provide comprehensive care in elderly population.

Introducción: La Seguridad Social Peruana durante la pandemia por COVID-19 implementó un programa de cuidado psicosocial remoto para personas adultas mayores con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida y evitar el desarrollo de problemas mentales. El estudio: Análisis de datos secundarios de registros generados por equipos de los Centros del Adulto Mayor a nivel nacional entre mayo y octubre de 2020, con objetivo de describir la experiencia de implementación de telemonitoreo y teleorientación psicosocial a distancia para pacientes adultos mayores durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Hallazgos: En total se brindaron 154 280 seguimientos y 36 492 atenciones a distancia a personas adultas mayores. Las principales intervenciones brindadas fueron apoyo emocional (75,5%) y consejería social (53,8%). Los estados de ánimo más registrados fueron calma y preocupación. Los sentimientos de preocupación, tales como estrés, tristeza y miedo fueron altos en pacientes con COVID-19 en comparación con los que no tienen COVID-19. Si bien el servicio brindado en los Centros del Adulto Mayor no fue etiquetado como "prescripción social", la mayoría de los componentes abordan beneficios similares a los modelos de prescripción social en otros países. Conclusión: El telemonitoreo y la teleorientación psicosocial pueden ser usados como otro medio para proveer cuidado integral a la población adulta mayor.

Programa de Teleconsulta Docente: percepciones de profesores y alumnos de una facultad de medicina peruana / Teaching Teleconsultation Program: perceptions of professors and students of a peruvian medical school

RESUMEN Introducción: La llegada de la pandemia de COVID-19 al Perú requirió una respuesta inmediata y múltiples cambios tanto en la atención sanitaria como en el entrenamiento de los profesionales de la salud. La Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia implementó el Programa de Teleconsulta Docente (PTD), para continuar con la formación de estudiantes de medicina en un entorno virtual, sin embargo, se desconoce la aceptación de los involucrados respecto a una educación virtual, condición que puede reflejar lo ocurrido en otras escuelas de medicina del país. Objetivo: nuestro estudio buscó evaluar la percepción de alumnos y docentes respecto al PTD. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se elaboró un cuestionario para explorar las percepciones de la telemedicina en el escenario de la enseñanza. Resultados: más del 80 % de los profesores y el 60 % de los alumnos consideraron que la PTD podía utilizarse como herramienta de enseñanza. Más del 90 % de los profesores y los estudiantes consideran que realizar la telemedicina no fue más difícil que hacer una consulta presencial. El 60 % de los estudiantes y el 80 % de los profesores perciben que los estudiantes deben desarrollar habilidades en telemedicina; el 80 % de los profesores y estudiantes consideran que la PTD constituye un servicio de responsabilidad social. Profesores y alumnos consideran que el éxito en la implantación de un PTD está influenciado por el nivel de aceptación de la población (20,2 %), el uso de la historia clínica electrónica (19,4 %) y la formación en competencias digitales (18,6 %). Conclusión: los profesores y los estudiantes del PTD perciben la telemedicina como una herramienta útil para evaluar los problemas de salud de la población. Ambos perciben que a través de las sesiones de telemedicina se podrían adquirir las habilidades necesarias para completar el perfil de egresado de la carrera de medicina.

ABSTRACT Introduction : The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru required an immediate response and multiple changes in both healthcare and health professional training. The School of Medicine in Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia implemented the Teleconsultation Faculty Program (FTP), aiming to continue with training medicine students in a virtual environment. However, the acceptance of those involved in virtual education is unknown, a condition that may reflect what has happened in other medical schools in our country. Main : our study sought to assess the perception of students and teachers regarding FTP. Methods : observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was developed to explore perceptions of telemedicine in a teaching scenario. Results : More than 80% of teachers and 60% of students considered that the FTP could be used as a teaching tool. More than 90% of teachers and students consider that performing telemedicine was not more difficult than doing a face-to-face consultation. Sixty percent of students and 80% of teachers perceive that students must develop skills in telemedicine; 80% of teachers and students consider that FTP constitutes a service with social responsibility. Teachers and students consider that the success in the implementation of an FTP is influenced by the level of acceptance of the population (20.2%), the use of electronic medical records (19.4%), and training in digital skills (18.6%). Conclusion : Teachers and students using FTP perceive telemedicine as a useful tool for assessing health problems. Both perceive that through telemedicine sessions, skills required to complete the medical school graduate profile could be acquired.

Description of frequent and persistent symptoms of COVID-19 among older adults who attend senior centers. / Descripción de síntomas frecuentes y persistentes de COVID-19 en asistentes a centros del adulto mayor.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 not only acutely compromises peoples health but can also generate symptoms that remain weeks after the infection. Moreover, older adults may have different symptomatologic patterns than other age groups. OBJECTIVE: To describe the acute and persistent symptoms of COVID-19 in older adult users of Social Security senior centers. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out by telephone call to older adults from five Peruvian senior centers, from July to September 2020, who reported being positive for COVID-19 in the last three months. Older adults were asked about associated symptoms, with a follow-up of up to four months. RESULTS: The most frequent acute symptoms were cough, fever, headache, and myalgia. The mean num- ber of symptoms per person was one to three. We also found that 4.4% of COVID-19 cases had symptoms that persisted over three weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Older persons in senior centers have a low frequency of persistent COVID-19 symptoms.

INTRODUCCIÓN: COVID-19 no sólo compromete agudamente la salud de las personas, sino que puede generar síntomas que permanecen luego de la infección aguda, incluso por más de tres semanas. Más aún, las personas adultas mayores podrían tener patrones sintomatológicos diferentes a otros grupos etarios. OBJETIVO: Describir los síntomas agudos y persistentes de COVID-19 en personas adultas mayores usuarias de centros del adulto mayor de la Seguridad Social. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo por llamada telefónica a adultos mayores de cinco centros del adulto mayor peruanos, de julio a septiembre de 2020, quienes habían reportado ser positivos a COVID-19 en el monitoreo telefónico de los últimos tres meses. En las llamadas se les pregunto por los síntomas asociados, con un seguimiento de hasta cuatro meses. RESULTADOS: Los síntomas agudos más frecuentes fueron tos, fiebre, cefalea y mialgia. La media de síntomas por persona fue de uno a tres. Un 4,4% de los casos tuvo COVID-19 prolongado. CONCLUSIONES: Las personas mayores de los centros del adulto mayor presentan una baja frecuencia de síntomas post COVID-19 agudo.

Comunicación médico-paciente y satisfacción del usuario en un centro de primer nivel de atención de Lima Metropolitana, Perú / Doctor to patient communication and patient-satisfaction in a first level of care center in metropolitan Lina, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar la comunicación médico-paciente y la satisfacción del usuario en un centro de primer nivel de atención de Lima Metropolitana. Material y métodos : Diseño transversal. Se recogieron datos de 121 participantes de consulta externa del servicio de Medicina, a quienes se aplicó dos instrumentos: la subescala de comunicación del IPC-18 y la satisfacción del paciente a través del PSQ-18. Resultados : El 68,6% de los participantes fue de sexo femenino, 66,1% con instrucción secundaria completa. La comunicación médico-paciente fue calificada como deficiente (39,7%) y la satisfacción del usuario fue baja (53,7%). Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,005) entre la comunicación médico-paciente y la satisfacción del usuario. Conclusiones : En el centro de primer nivel de atención la comunicación médico-paciente es deficiente y la satisfacción del usuario es baja. Se requieren más investigaciones sobre este tema en ámbitos de atención primaria.

SUMMARY Objective : to evaluate the doctor to patient communication and consumer satisfaction in a first level of care center in metropolitan Lina, Peru. Methods : cross-sectional study that involved 121 participants selected from the outpatient internal medicine service. Two instruments were applied; communication subscale IPC-18 and patient-satisfaction through PSQ-18. Results : 68.6% of participants were females and 66.1% had completed secondary school. Doctor patient communication was deficient in 39.7% and patient-satisfaction was low at 53.7%. Statistical association between doctor-patient communication and patient-satisfaction (p<0.005). Conclusions : in this first level of care center the doctor-patient communication and patient-satisfaction were suboptimal. More studies are needed in this field.

Prevención cuaternaria: Perspectivas desde el Primer nivel de Atención / Quaternary Prevention: Perspectives from Primary Health Care

Introducción: La práctica de la prevención cuaternaria lleva a evitar intervenciones sanitarias innecesarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la relevancia dada a los conceptos de prevención cuaternaria (P4), describir la influencia de entrenamiento en Medicina Basada en Evidencia su práctica y presentar las barreras y facilitadores de la práctica de la P4. El estudio: estudio de métodos mixtos durante 2018 y 2019. Se encuestaron 133 médicos que laboran en atención primaria y se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 20 participantes. Se utilizó los principios de la fenomenología para el análisis de los transcritos. Hallazgos: 94% consideran importante la práctica de la P4. A partir de nuestras entrevistas se identificaron barreras y facilitadores para la práctica de la P4 en el primer nivel de atención. Conclusión: Los médicos consideran importante la práctica de la prevención cuaternaria. Las barreras y facilitadores relevantes son las características específicas del sistema sanitario, del paciente y de los médicos.

Background:Thepracticeofquaternarypreventionleadstoavoid unnecessary health interventions.To evaluate the relevance given Objective:to the concepts of quaternary prevention (P4), to describe the influence of training in Evidence Based Medicine on its practice and to present the barriers and facilitators of the practice of P4. Mixed methods study during The Study:2018 and 2019. We surveyed 133 physicians working in primary care and conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 participants. The principles of phenomenology were used for transcript analysis. 94% consider the Findings:practice of P4 to be important. From our interviews, barriers, and facilitators for the practice of P4 at the first level of care were identified. Conclusion:Physicians consider the practice of quaternary prevention to be important. Relevant barriers and facilitators are the specific characteristics of the healthcare system, the patient, and the physicians.

Social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded governments and diverse organizations to work on strategies to prepare and help communities. Increasing recognition of the importance of identifying vulnerable populations has raised a demand for better tools. One of these tools is the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The SVI was created in 2011 to identify and plan assistance for socially vulnerable populations during hazardous events, by providing disaster management personnel information to target specific areas. We aimed to evaluate and determine the social vulnerability in different provinces and districts of Peru in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic using an adapted version of the SVI index. Ecological, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted. We adapted the SVI and collected indicators related to COVID-19. We organized and analyzed the population data of the 196 provinces of Peru, using data from government institutions. We found a distribution of high and very high SVI in the mountainous areas of Peru. High and very high social vulnerability indexes, due to the presence of some or all the variables were predominantly distributed in the provinces located in the southern and highlands of the country. The association between mortality rate and social SVI-COVID19 was inverse, the higher the vulnerability, the lower the mortality. Our results identify that the provinces with high and very high vulnerability indexes are mostly located in rural areas nearby the Andes Mountains, not having a direct correlation with COVID-19 mortality.

Peru - Progress in health and sciences in 200 years of independence.

Peru celebrates 200 years of independence in 2021. Over this period of independent life, and despite the turbulent socio-political scenarios, from internal armed conflict to economic crisis to political instability over the last 40 years, Peru has experienced major changes on its epidemiological and population health profile. Major advancements in maternal and child health as well as in communicable diseases have been achieved in recent decades, and today Peru faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases including mental health conditions. In terms of the configuration of the public health system, Peru has also strived to secure country-wide optimal health care, struggling in particular to improve primary health care and intercultural services. The science and technology infrastructure has also evolved, although the need for substantial investments remains if advancing science is to be a national priority. Climate change will also bring significant challenges to population health given Peru's geographical and microclimates diversity. Looking back over the 200-years of independence, we present a summary of key advances in selected health-related fields, thus serving as the basis for reflections on pending agendas and future challenges, in order to look forward to ensuring the future health and wellbeing of the Peruvian population. Resumen translated abstract: El Perú cumple 200 años de independencia en 2021. Durante estos dos siglos de vida independiente, junto con periodos sociales y políticos turbulentos, incluyendo un conflicto armado interno, hiperinflación y la inestabilidad política de los últimos 40 años, el Perú ha experimentado importantes cambios en su perfil epidemiológico con repercusiones directas en la salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, los indicadores de salud materno-infantil y de las enfermedades transmisibles muestran mejoría importante, pero el país se enfrenta de manera simultánea a una carga cada vez mayor de enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. En cuanto a los sistemas de salud pública, se han realizado esfuerzos por aumentar la cobertura y calidad de la atención de salud en todo el país, apostándose en particular por mejorar la atención primaria. La ciencia y tecnología relacionadas con la salud también han mejorado, aunque si se quiere que la ciencia sea una prioridad nacional, son necesarias inversiones sustanciales. El cambio climático traerá importantes desafíos para la salud de la población, dada la diversidad geográfica y de microclimas del país. Para conmemorar los 200 años de vida independiente del Perú, presentamos un resumen de avances clave en diversas áreas y temas relacionados con la salud. Este repaso sirve como base para reflexionar sobre agendas y desafíos pendientes y futuros, con el fin de asegurar la salud y el bienestar de la población peruana en las próximas décadas.

Factores asociados a la percepción de competencias gerenciales en médicos peruanos recién egresados / Factors associated with the perception of managerial competencies in recently graduated Peruvian doctors

Introducción: Las competencias gerenciales le permiten al médico en formación prepararse para la inserción en el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a la percepción de competencias gerenciales en médicos egresados de los Establecimientos de Salud del Perú que participaron en el proceso SERUMS 2018-I. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario "How Dutch medical specialists perceive the competencies and training needs of medical residents in healthcare management" a los médicos postulantes al SERUMS 2018-I. Se midió el grado de asociación entre variables con la razón de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: De los 289 médicos encuestados, el 13,8% reportó haber realizado entrenamiento previo que potencialmente contribuye a su desempeño como gestor. El 35.5% se encontraba en el nivel bajo de la percepción de competencias gerenciales, el 74,8% reportó tener interés en desarrollar actividades de gerencia y un 97,2% tiene necesidad de formación en gerencia médica. El sexo y la capacitación previa que contribuye al desempeño como gerente está asociado significativamente con la percepción del desempeño de funciones gerenciales efectivas con una RP=1,66. Conclusiones: La percepción de desarrollar funciones gerenciales efectivas está asociada al sexo y a la capacitación previa.

Background: The managerial competences allow the doctor in training to prepare for the insertion in the health system. Objetive: To identify factors associated with the perception of managerial competencies in doctors graduated from the undergraduate medical programs in who participated in the SERUMS 2018-1 process. Material and Methods: Observational analytical cross-sectional study. The questionnaire "How Dutch medical specialists perceive the competencies and training needs of medical residents in healthcare management" was applied to the doctors applying for SERUMS 2018-1. The prevalence ratio (PR) to measure the degree of association between variables was used. Results: Of the 289 doctors surveyed, 13.8% reported having undergone previous training that potentially contributes to their performance as a manager. 35.5% were at the Iow level of the perception of managerial competencies, 74.8% reported having an interest in developing management activities and 97.2% need training in medical management. Sex and previous training that contributes to performance as a manager is significantly associated with the perception of performance of effective managerial functions with a PR 1.66. Conclusions: The perception of developing effective managerial functions associated with sex and previous training.

Calidad de vida de adultos mayores de la Seguridad Social peruana durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Quality of life of older adults in Peruvian Social Security during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: Evaluar la calidad de vida de adultos mayores que pertenecen a los Centros del Adulto Mayor (CAM) de la Seguridad Social durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se recolectó información mediante llamadas telefónicas a adultos mayores de 60 años de los CAM. La calidad de vida fue evaluada con el cuestionario EQ-5D-3L, que considera las dimensiones de movilidad, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas, dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión y una escala analógica de 0 a 100. Se midió la presencia de depresión, ansiedad, comorbilidades y el estado funcional. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con pruebas no paramétricas para evaluar la asociación entre covariables y la escala analógica de calidad de vida. Además, se realizó un análisis de regresión simple usando modelos lineales generalizados de la familia de Poisson para evaluar variables asociadas a la presencia de problemas en las dimensiones de calidad de vida. Resultados: Participaron 99 adultos mayores, en su mayoría mujeres (84,9%) la edad promedio fue 73,1 años, 83,3% tenían un nivel educativo superior y 86,7% vivían acompañados. Los adultos mayores con obesidad, enfermedades pulmonares, imposibilidad de manejar su propio dinero, fatiga y problemas de audición reportaron un puntaje menor al promedio (<78,9) en la escala de calidad de vida. Las enfermedades osteoarticulares y la sensación de fatiga incrementan la probabilidad de sufrir problemas de movilidad, de realizar actividades cotidianas y de dolor/malestar. Conclusiones: La calidad de vida de los adultos mayores es influida por multiples factores que se deben abordar para mejorar su bienestar físico y mental.

Introduction: To evaluate the quality of life of older adults belonging to the Centros del Adulto Mayor (CAM) of the Social Security during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: Information was collected through telephone calls to older adults over 60 years of age in the CAMs. Quality of life was assessed with the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire, which considers the dimensions of mobility, self-care, activities of daily living, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression and an analog scale from 0 to 100. A bivariate analysis with nonparametric tests was performed to assess the association between covariates and the quality of life analog scale. In addition, a simple regression analysis was performed using generalized linear models of the Poisson family to evaluate variables associated with the presence of problems in the quality of life dimensions. Results: Ninety-nine older adults participated, most of them women (84.9%), the average age was 73.1 years, 83.3% had a higher education level and 86.7% were living with someone else. Older adults with obesity, lung disease, inability to manage their own money, fatigue and hearing problems reported a lower than average score (<78.9) on the quality of life scale. Osteoarticular diseases and feelings of fatigue increase the likelihood of problems with mobility, performing daily activities, and pain/discomfort. Conclusions: The quality of life of older adults is influenced by multiple factors that must be addressed to improve their physical and mental well-being.

Training needs and perceptions on teaching in primary care from doctors who teach in primary care in Peru.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Introduction Medical training should include a strong emphasis on primary health care. There is a need for primary care teaching centres and teachers who can provide excellent instruction in primary health care (PHC). Objectives This investigation explores the characteristics of the doctors who teach in PHC in Peru, their educational needs and their perceptions of their teaching. Method Using a mixed method approach we ran an online questionnaire on the educational needs and focus groups which explored the challenges, problems and skills required for teaching in PHC. Results 66 teachers from 10 regions answered the questionnaire: 59 (89.4%) were family doctors; 76,7% had a formal university contract; they dedicated an average of 12.9 hours/week to teaching and 9 (13,6%) had had some training in teaching during the last 5 years. In the focus groups they showed interest in developing their teaching skills and 4 dimensions were defined: willingness to teach; teaching family medicine; teacher-student relationships; the organization of the teaching. Conclusion The PHC teachers in Peru have great interest in teaching and a need for training in teaching skills.

Respuesta del primer nivel de atención de salud del Perú a la pandemia COVID-19 / Peruvian primary care response to the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Desde el primer caso reportado por el nuevo coronavirus en el Perú se han implementado distintas estrategias para mejorar los servicios de salud, con gran énfasis en la respuesta hospitalaria. En el presente artículo, hacemos un recuento de las acciones orientadas al primer nivel de atención de salud que el gobierno peruano intenta implementar. Proponemos medidas clave a cumplir como implementación de clínicas de sintomáticos en el primer nivel de atención de salud, cuidados sanitarios en domicilio, inserción de médicos de familia y uso intensivo de consultas telefónicas y otra TICs que al adoptarse e implementarse a la realidad peruana, lograrían una respuesta más efectiva ante la pandemia por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Since the first case reported by the new coronavirus in Peru, different strategies have been implemented to improve health services, with great emphasis on the hospital response. In this article, we review the actions that Peruvian government tried to implement in Primary Care. We propose key measures such as the implementation of fever clinics in primary care, home health care, insertion of family doctors and intensive use of telephone consultations and other ICTs, their adoption and implementation in the Peruvian reality, would achieve a more effective response towards the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abordaje de problemas crónicos en atención primaria mediante el modelo tareas orientadas a los procesos de cuidado (TOPIC) / Approaching chronic problems in primary-care using the task-oriented processes in care (TOPIC)

Resumen El cuidado integral de las personas demanda un entrenamiento para atender problemas crónicos frecuentes en la consulta ambulatoria. Los casos de hipertensión, diabetes mellitus y asma pueden ser abordados mediante modelos de atención en la práctica ambulatoria del primer nivel de atención; uno de ellos es el modelo TOPIC (del inglés: Task-Oriented Processes in Care), el cual permite ordenar la consulta en una secuencia estructurada de cuatro tareas mayores: procesamiento de la información, desarrollo de una adecuada relación médico-paciente-familia, integración de la información y aprendizaje de por vida. El procesamiento de la información contempla cuatro sub-actividades en las que se evalúa las expectativas y preocupaciones del paciente, la gravedad y el control de las condiciones, la adherencia y los efectos adversos del tratamiento, se analiza los daños de órgano blanco propios de la enfermedad y se revisan las comorbilidades. La aplicación de este modelo puede ayudar a los médicos y sus pacientes a ser más eficientes en el manejo de problemas crónicos, teniendo en cuenta el poco tiempo del que se dispone en una consulta ambulatoria.

The integrative approach to care for patients demands training to evaluate frequent chronic problems in the outpatient clinic. Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and asthma can be approach using models of evaluations such as the TOPIC that allows to order the evaluations in a structured sequence of four mayor tasks: processing of the information, development of an adequate physician-patient-family relationship and integrating information and learning for life. Processing information implies four sub-activities in which we evaluate patient´s expectations and concerns, severity and control of conditions, adherence and side effects of treatments focusing on damage to target organs and comorbidities. Applying this model can help physicians and their patients to be more efficient in managing chronic problems considering the short time available for ambulatory care.

[Need to review sanitary interventions promoted by the government for women in Peru]. / Necesidad de revisar las intervenciones sanitarias promovidas por el estado para mujeres en Perú.

The main health interventions for health promotion and disease prevention that should be performed in women in the Peruvian health system are described. A review of normative technical documents and the recommendations of the main organizations for worldwide prevention was carried out. The prevention ac tivities included physical activity, healthy eating, tobacco counseling, immunizations; In addition, the main screening for women, such as depression, violence, cardiovascular risk, cervical cytology, mammography, colon cancer, are detailed; and within the spectrum of quaternary prevention, interventions that have not shown evidence of benefit to women are detailed. The health interventions that are offered from the Peru vian health system for women, being merely focused on reproductive aspects, lose the conception of inte grality that should prevail for the maintenance of health. In that sense, it is proposed to develop strategies that not only have evidence, but also know how to respond to the needs of women in the Peruvian context.

Se describen las principales intervenciones sanitarias de promoción de salud y de prevención de enfer medades que se deben realizar en las mujeres en el sistema sanitario peruano. Se realizó una revisión de documentos técnicos normativos y de las recomendaciones de las principales organizaciones para prevención a nivel mundial. Dentro de las actividades de prevención se incluyeron la actividad física, alimentación saludable, consejería antitabaco e inmunizaciones. Además, se detallaron los principales tamizajes a realizar en las mujeres, tales como depresión, violencia, riesgo cardiovascular, citología de cuello uterino, mamografía, cáncer de colon; y dentro del espectro de prevención cuaternaria, se detalla ron intervenciones que no han demostrado evidencia de beneficio para las mujeres. Las intervenciones sanitarias que se ofrecen desde el sistema sanitario peruano para las mujeres, al estar centradas mera mente en aspectos reproductivos, pierden la concepción de integralidad que debe primar para el mante nimiento de la salud. En ese sentido, se propone el desarrollo de estrategias que no solo tengan evidencia, sino que sepan responder a las necesidades de las mujeres en el contexto peruano.